1. Fundamental Freedoms CHAPTERS 10-11 & 13
Section 1: Freedom and the Bill of Rights
Section 2: Freedom of Religion
Section 3: Freedom of Speech and of the Press
Section 4: Freedom of Assembly and Petition

2. Section 1: Freedom and the Bill of Rights
Objectives:
How does the Constitution protect civil liberties?
Whose civil liberties does the First Amendment guarantee?
What is the role of laws and the courts in balancing individuals’ civil liberties with the interests of the community?

3. Section 1: Freedom and the Bill of Rights
The Constitution protects civil liberties in the Bill of Rights.

4. Section 1: Freedom and the Bill of Rights
People whose civil liberties are guaranteed by the First Amendment:
U.S. citizens
resident noncitizens

5. Section 1: Freedom and the Bill of Rights
To balance individuals’ civil liberties with community interests, boundaries on individual rights have been set by laws and the courts so that other’s rights or interests are not threatened.

6. Section 2: Freedom of Religion
Objectives:
How has the Supreme Court interpreted the Establishment Clause to define the relationship between religion and public schools?
How does the Supreme Court decide if government aid to religious groups is constitutional?
Why has the Supreme Court allowed tax exemptions for religious groups?
How has the Free Exercise Clause been interpreted?

7. Section 2: Freedom of Religion
Supreme Court interpretations of the Establishment Clause to define the relationship between religion and public schools:
Official support for religious programs is unconstitutional, but students can leave campus to receive religious instruction.
Officially sponsored prayer and religious activities in public schools are unconstitutional, but students have the right to pray on their own in school and religious materials can be used in secular studies.

8. Section 2: Freedom of Religion
How the Supreme Court determines the constitutionality of government aid to religious groups
The Lemon test:
Aid must be for a nonreligious purpose.
It must neither advance nor limit religion.
It must not result in excessive government involvement with religion.

9. Section 2: Freedom of Religion
The Supreme Court has allowed tax exemptions for religious groups so the government can remain neutral by neither supporting religion nor restricting it. “Separation of Church and State”, however, is not part of the Constitution. It was taken from the writings of Thomas Jefferson and used in Supreme Court cases on the establishment clause.
(Everson v. Board of Education, 1947; Wallace v. Jaffree, 1985)

10. Section 2: Freedom of Religion
Religious practices may be restricted if they violate social standards or constitutional laws, such as bigamy, or if they threaten the public safety, such as not vaccinating children because of religious beliefs against such medical practices.

11. Section 3: Freedom of Speech and of the Press
Objectives:
What challenges exist in balancing individuals’ freedom of speech with the need to protect national security?
What boundaries exist on the media’s freedom of expression?
How does the First Amendment affect symbolic speech and hate speech?

12. Section 3: Freedom of Speech and of the Press
Challenges in balancing individuals’ freedom of speech with protecting national security:
determining sedition
proving statements pose a clear and present danger

13. Section 3: Freedom of Speech and of the Press
Boundaries on the media’s freedom of expression:
prior restraint laws
shield laws
libel laws
obscenity laws
license requirements
FCC standards
false advertising laws

14. Section 3: Freedom of Speech and of the Press
CHAPTER 13
12/24/2018
Section 3: Freedom of Speech and of the Press
The First Amendment’s effect on symbolic speech and hate speech:
symbolic speech—actions that communicate a message are protected to an extent
hate speech—many hate speech rules and “insulting” or “fighting” words that are likely to cause a fight are not protected
Fundamental Freedoms

15. Section 4: Freedom of Assembly and Petition
Objectives:
How does the First Amendment protect the rights of assembly and petition on public property?
How is the freedom to demonstrate restricted on private property?
How does freedom of assembly support freedom of association?

16. Section 4: Freedom of Assembly and Petition
First Amendment protections on the rights of assembly and petition on public property:
protects peaceful demonstrations
protects demonstrations with time, place, and manner regulations

17. Section 4: Freedom of Assembly and Petition
Restrictions on the freedom to demonstrate on private property:
People do not have the right to demonstrate or protest on property belonging to a business or residence.

18. Section 4: Freedom of Assembly and Petition
How the freedom of assembly supports the freedom of association:
People may associate with groups without government interference.

19. Assuring Individual Rights
CHAPTER 14
12/24/2018
Fundamental Freedoms
Assuring Individual Rights
Section 1: Protecting Individual Liberties
Section 2: Rights of the Accused
Section 3: Ensuring Fair Trials and Punishments
Assuring Individual Rights

20. Section 1: Protecting Individual Liberties
Objectives:
What does the term due process mean?
How is procedural due process different from substantive due process?
How do the Fourth Amendment and due process protect people’s security against unreasonable state action?
How does the Bill of Rights protect people’s privacy?

21. Section 1: Protecting Individual Liberties
Due process means the government must follow fair procedures set by law when carrying out government duties.

22. Section 1: Protecting Individual Liberties
Difference between procedural due process and substantive due process:
procedural due process—ensures that the government applies laws fairly and according to set procedures
substantive due process—determines if a law is fair and constitutional

23. Section 1: Protecting Individual Liberties
Protections of people’s security against unreasonable state action:
The Fourth Amendment
protects citizens from unjust government interference
forces authorities to show probable cause to obtain a search warrant
prevents the authorities from conducting unreasonable searches of people and their possessions
Due process
prevents the government’s abuse of police power
forces the authorities to follow set procedures in carrying out their duties

24. Section 1: Protecting Individual Liberties
The Bill of Rights protects people’s privacy against the government’s police power.

25. Section 2: Rights of the Accused
Objectives:
How does the Constitution protect the right of habeas corpus and protect against bills of attainder and ex post facto laws?
How do requirements for bringing charges before grand juries protect the rights of people accused of crimes?
How does the Fifth Amendment protect against self-incrimination?

26. Section 2: Rights of the Accused
How the Constitution protects the right of habeas corpus and against bills of attainder and ex post facto laws:
Article I, Section 9 guarantees accused people the right to a writ of habeas corpus.
Article I, Sections 9 and 10 prevents Congress and state governments from passing bills of attainder.
Article I, Sections 9 and 10 prevents federal and state governments from passing ex post facto laws.

27. Section 2: Rights of the Accused
Requirements for bringing charges before grand juries protect the rights of people accused of crimes by limiting the government’s control in holding and indicting accused people.

28. Section 2: Rights of the Accused
Fifth Amendment protections against self-incrimination:
protects people accused of crimes from providing evidence against themselves at their own trials or during questioning by law enforcement officials
protects people accused of crimes from being forced to incriminate themselves
requires that people accused of crimes be informed of the Miranda Rule, their right to refuse to answer questions of law enforcement officials if it might be self-incriminating

29. Section 3: Ensuring Fair Trials and Punishments
Objectives:
Which amendments of the Bill of Rights help guarantee the right to a fair trial?
In what ways does the Bill of Rights protect convicted criminals from excessive punishment?

30. Section 3: Ensuring Fair Trials and Punishments
The Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Amendments of the Bill of Rights help guarantee the right to a fair trial.

31. Section 3: Ensuring Fair Trials and Punishments
Ways the Bill of Rights protects convicted criminals from excessive punishment:
protects them from cruel punishment
guards them from unusual punishment

32. Struggle for Civil Rights
CHAPTER 15
12/24/2018
Fundamental Freedoms
Struggle for Civil Rights
Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration
Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection
Section 3: Struggle for Civil Rights
Section 4: Civil Rights Laws
Struggle for Civil Rights

33. Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration
Objectives:
What are the responsibilities of citizenship?
In what two ways may a person become a U.S. citizen by birth?
How does an immigrant become a U.S. citizen?

34. Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration
Examples of the responsibilities of citizenship:
understanding and obeying the law
respecting the rights of others
paying taxes
voting
participating in public service

35. Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration
Two ways a person may become a U.S. citizen by birth:
jus sanguinis—being born to parents who are U.S. citizens
jus soli—being born in the U.S. or a U.S. territory

36. Section 1: Citizenship and Immigration
An immigrant becomes a U.S. citizen through naturalization.

37. Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection
Objectives:
How has U.S. immigration policy changed over time?
In what ways is the United States an ethnically diverse country?
What are the benefits and challenges of diversity in the United States?

38. Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection
Changes in U.S. immigration policy over time:
unrestricted until the late 1800s
tight restrictions from the late 1800s to World War II
relaxed restrictions following World War II
growing restrictions on illegal immigration in the 1980s and 1990s

39. Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection
Ways the United States is an ethnically diverse country:
populated with people with different heritages
retains cultural traditions from various ethnic groups

40. Section 2: Diversity and Equal Protection
Benefits of diversity in the United States:
enriches lives
encourages creativity in society
Challenges of diversity
prejudice
discrimination

41. Section 3: Struggle for Civil Rights
Objectives:
What two tests do federal courts use to determine whether laws respect the Equal Protection Clause?
How did the Equal Protection Clause help the civil rights movement fight government discrimination?

42. Section 3: Struggle for Civil Rights
Two tests the federal courts use to determine whether laws respect the Equal Protection Clause:
rational basis test
strict scrutiny test

43. Section 3: Struggle for Civil Rights
The Equal Protection Clause helped the civil rights movement fight government discrimination by proving that policies based on the separate-but-equal doctrine were unconstitutional.

44. Section 4: Civil Rights Laws
Objectives:
How have civil rights laws protected the rights of African Americans?
How have civil rights protections been extended to other minority groups?

45. Section 4: Civil Rights Laws
How civil rights laws have protected the rights of African Americans:
made segregation in public places illegal
prohibited discrimination by employers or administrators of any federally funded program
secured voting rights
provided protection from discrimination in the workplace
prohibited discrimination in the advertising, financing, sale, and rental of housing

46. Section 4: Civil Rights Laws
Civil rights laws prohibiting discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, or sex applied and were extended to other minority groups, such as Hispanic and Asian Americans, American Indians, people with disabilities, and women.