1. Chapter 11 Review Civil Rights

2. 14 th Amendment Forbids any state to “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Sex, race, ethnicity, age, disability, sexual preference

3. Civil Rights History African Americans Jim Crow Laws – segregated community de jure (by law) and de facto (by reality) Plessy v. Ferguson – separate but equal NAACP – 20 th century push for rights Brown v. Board of Education – “separate but equal” unconstitutional Civil Rights Act of 1964, 24 th Amendment (poll tax), Voting Rights Act 1965

4. Civil Rights History Latino/Latina Rights 37 million in US (about 10 million in 1980) Mexican – 15million-rights issues include Bilingual education programs, immigration Puerto Rican – 2.7 million-PR is a commonwealth of US, citizens can move freely back and forth, not represented in Congress, don’t have to pay federal tax

5. Civil Rights History Native Americans 2 million people live on “reservations” Push for more sovereignty on their land Ex. – gambling operation rights Art. 1, Sec. 8 – commerce clause give Congress right to regulate Indian tribes

6. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Public accommodations Barred discrimination Schools Gov can force desegregation though litigation Employment Federal Funds

7. Civil Rights History Asian American 8 million in US, 40% of immigrants Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 – lasted through WWII WWII – Japanese racism – internment Korematsu v. US (1944) 1980s reparations for internment

8. Women and Equal Rights Seneca Falls Convention – 1848 – beginning of women’s suffrage movement Muller v. Oregon (1908) – 10 hour work day limit for women 19 th Amendment – 1920 – Women vote 1970s – “reasonableness standard” – all legal circumstance must be treated equal Ex. Cannot set different age limits for driving, but can set laws on rape that punish man only

9. Rights for Disabled Americans 17% of Americans have a disability Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - illegal to discriminate based on disability Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 – gave all handicapped children free education Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 – protect disabled rights – SC has somewhat limited this act