Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Lectures by Chris C. Romero PowerPoint ® Lectures for Essential Biology, Third Edition – Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition – Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon CHAPTER 6 & 7 Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis:
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Cellular respiration (Ch 6) Photosynthesis (Ch 7)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Cellular respiration = in mitochondria, making ATP from ADP using sugar & O2 with a waste product of CO 2 & H20. Photosynthesis = in chloroplasts, using the energy of sunlight to take CO 2 and water to grow the plant. Waste products are sugar and O 2.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Eukaryote - Plant cell Eukaryote -Animal cell MITOCHONDRIA
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Chlorophyll Eukaryote - Plant cell Eukaryote -Animal cell
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings How can the tree be bigger than the pot it grew in?
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Cellular respiration (Ch 6) Photosynthesis (Ch 7)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PHOTOSYNTHESIS = the process of producing oxygen and sugar (products) from carbon dioxide and water (reactants) using solar energy
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CHLOROPLAST
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings CHLOROPLAST = IN A PLANT, THE SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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THE PARTS OF CHLOROPLAST
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6 6 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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LIGHT REACTION = splitting water (with light) into its pieces. The Oxygen is released from the plant as a gas, and electrons and Hydrogens get sent to the Calvin Cycle. An ATP is recharged too! Takes place on granum (stack of thylakoids) in chloroplast
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings CALVIN CYCLE = Making sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) from Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogens, and electrons. It uses the power of ATP. Takes place in stroma of chloroplast
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings WHAT EVER GOES INTO THE CHLOROPLAST HAS TO COME OUT (OTHERWISE WHAT?)
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Cellular respiration (Ch 6) Photosynthesis (Ch 7)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings CELLULAR RESPIRATION (THE EQUATION) Glucose loses electrons (and hydrogens)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Glucose gains electrons (and hydrogens) PHOTOSNTHESIS (THE EQUATION)
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THE DEAL WITH CHAPTER 6 (CELLULAR RESPIRATION) Mitochondria (powerplants of cells) consume food (sugar) and Oxygen (O 2 ) as they make energy for your body.. Their waste is carbon dioxide and H 2 0 MITOCHONDRIA
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings RESPIRATION
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Biology and Society: Feeling the Burn When you exercise, –Muscle cells need energy in order to perform work. –Your cells use oxygen to release energy from the sugar glucose.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Anaerobic metabolism (without enough oxygen) –Without enough oxygen, muscle cells break down glucose to produce lactic acid. –Lactic acid is associated with the “burn” associated with heavy exercise. –If too much lactic acid builds up, your muscles give out.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Physical conditioning allows your body to adapt to increased activity. –The body can increase its ability to deliver oxygen to muscles. Long-distance runners wait until the final sprint to exceed their aerobic capacity.
Figure 6.1 ‘feeling the burn’ !!!! (of lactic acid)
Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere All energy stored in food (not to mention O 2 ) is traced back to the _______. Animals depend on plants to convert solar energy (sun light) to chemical energy (food) and O 2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.2 CONSUMER PRODUCER (HETEROTROPH) (AUTOTROPH)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Producers and Consumers Photosynthesis –In leaves, light energy from the sun powers a chemical process that makes food (like glucose).
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Autotrophs (producers) –Are “self-feeders.” –Include plants and other organisms that make all their own organic molecules from inorganic nutrients (PHOTOSYNTHESIS). Heterotrophs (consumers) –Are “other-feeders.” –Include humans and other animals that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Producers –Autotrophs (like plants and trees) are the producers, because they make food for themselves and animals. Consumers –Heterotrophs are consumers, because they eat plants or other animals.
Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration The ingredients for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. –CO 2 is obtained from our breath in the air by a plant’s leaves. –H 2 O is obtained from the damp soil by a plant’s roots. –Chloroplasts rearrange the atoms of these ingredients to produce sugars (glucose) and other organic molecules. –Oxygen gas is a by-product of photosynthesis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Cellular respiration is a chemical process that harvests energy from organic molecules. –Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. The waste products of cellular respiration, CO 2 and H 2 O, are used in photosynthesis. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Figure 6.3 IMPORTANT REMEMBER THIS !!
Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy Cellular respiration –Is the main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP. –Is an aerobic process—it requires oxygen. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Relationship between Cellular Respiration and Breathing Cellular respiration and breathing are closely related. –Cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings. –Breathing exchanges these gases between the blood and outside air. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6.4
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration A common fuel molecule for cellular respiration is glucose.
Unnumbered Figure 6.1 The overall equation for what happens to glucose during cellular respiration
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Role of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration During cellular respiration, hydrogen and its bonding electrons change partners. –Hydrogen and its electrons go from sugar to oxygen, forming water.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings H + = hydrogen ion = a proton = a hydrogen atom with no electrons and no neutrons (because hydrogen HAS NO neutrons) a hydrogen atom (has electron) a proton a hydrogen ion H+H+ (has NO electron) The Role of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Redox Reactions Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another are called oxidation-reduction reactions, –Or ‘redox’ reactions for short.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The loss of electrons during a redox reaction is called oxidation. The acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction is called reduction.
Unnumbered Figure 6.2
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings NADH and Electron Transport Chains The path that electrons take on their way down from glucose to oxygen involves many steps.
Figure 6.6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Metabolic Pathway of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is an example of a metabolic pathway, –A series of chemical reactions in cells. All of the reactions involved in cellular respiration can be grouped into three main stages: –Glycolysis –The citric acid cycle –Electron transport
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A Road Map for Cellular Respiration The path of glucose through cellular respiration
Figure 6.7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Stage 1: Glycolysis A molecule of glucose is split (glyco – lyse) into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings GLUCOSE
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis breaks a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon molecules. –These molecules then donate high energy electrons to NAD +, forming NADH. Glycolysis
Figure 6.8 GLYCOLYSIS
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis makes some ATP directly when enzymes transfer phosphate groups from fuel molecules to ADP.
Figure 6.9 Glycolysis (energy harvesting phase)
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Stage 2: The Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle completes the breakdown of sugar.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings In the citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is first “prepped” into a usable form, Acetyl CoA.
Figure 6.10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The citric acid cycle extracts the energy of sugar by breaking the acetic acid molecules all the way down to CO 2. –The cycle uses some of this energy to make ATP. –The cycle also forms NADH and FADH 2.
Figure 6.11
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
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H + = hydrogen ion = a proton = a hydrogen atom with no electrons and no neutrons (because hydrogen HAS NO neutrons) a hydrogen atom (has electron) a proton a hydrogen ion H+H+ (has NO electron) The Role of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Stage 3: Electron Transport Electron transport releases the energy your cells need to make most of their ATP.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The molecules of electron transport chains are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria. –The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. –These ions store potential energy.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings When the hydrogen ions flow back through the membrane, they release energy. –The ions flow through ‘ATP synthase’. –‘ATP synthase’ takes the energy from this flow, and synthesizes ATP.
Figure 6.12
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Versatility of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration can “burn” other kinds of molecules besides glucose: –Diverse types of carbohydrates –Fats –Proteins
Figure 6.13
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Adding Up the ATP from Cellular Respiration A summary of ATP yield during cellular respiration
Figure 6.14
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy Some of your cells can actually work for short periods without oxygen. Fermentation –Is the anaerobic harvest of food energy.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells After functioning anaerobically for about 15 seconds, –Muscle cells will begin to generate ATP by the process of fermentation. Fermentation relies on glycolysis to produce ATP.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that provides ATP during fermentation. –Pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH, producing NAD +, which keeps glycolysis going. –In human muscle cells, lactic acid is a by-product. Fermentation Overview
Figure 6.15a
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fermentation in Microorganisms Various types of microorganisms perform fermentation. –Yeast cells carry out a slightly different type of fermentation pathway. –This pathway produces CO 2 and ethyl alcohol.
Figure 6.15b
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The food industry uses yeast to produce various food products.
Figure 6.16
Evolution Connection: Life on an Anaerobic Earth Ancient bacteria probably used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth’s atmosphere. –Glycolysis is a metabolic heirloom from the earliest cells that continues to function today in the harvest of food energy. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Mitochondria parts
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A MUSCLE (MANY CELLS TOGETHER)
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ELECTRONS
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THE PARTS OF MITOCHONDRIA
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings THIS IS A “TURNSTYLE”
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.12 Both mitochondria and chlorophyll use passive diffusion to do work. They just put a “turnstyle” at the opening. PASSIVE DIFFUSION
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Watch mitochondria use a concentration gradient to work the ATP machine Click on this !
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings GLUCOSE or SUGAR (SAME THING)
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