1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Flow

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Flow

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 9.1 Catabolic Pathways Oxidize organic fuels Energy

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Catabolic pathways yield energy due to the transfer of electrons Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction Na + Cl Na + + Cl – becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron)

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Catabolic pathways yield energy due to the transfer of electrons Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction Na + Cl Na + + Cl – becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron) LEO GER

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Catabolic pathways yield energy due to the transfer of electrons Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction Na + Cl Na + + Cl – becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron) LEO the tiger says GER LEO GER

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Incompletely exchange electrons CH 4 H H H H C OO O O O C HH Methane (reducing agent) Oxygen (oxidizing agent) Carbon dioxideWater + 2O 2 CO 2 + Energy + 2 H 2 O becomes oxidized becomes reduced Reactants Products Figure 9.3

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings During cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy becomes oxidized becomes reduced LEO the tiger says GER

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular respiration oxidizes glucose in a series of steps Glucose  ?  Oxygen e-

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular respiration oxidizes glucose in a series of steps Glucose  ?  Oxygen e-

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings NAD +, a coenzyme Figure 9.4

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings NAD +, a coenzyme Figure 9.4

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings NAD +, a coenzyme Figure 9.4 1. 2 Hydrogen atoms removed by dehydrogenase enzyme

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings NAD +, a coenzyme Figure 9.4 1.2 Hydrogen atoms removed by dehydrogenase enzyme 2.2 electrons (e-) and 1 proton (H+) transferred to NAD+  NADH 3.Other proton release into surrounding solution

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Cellular Respiration Food --------------> NAD + --------> NADH ------> e- transport chain  O 2 Transferred # e- # H + # e- ? Enzyme? # e- pulled # H pulled

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Cellular Respiration Food --------------> NAD + --------> NADH ------> e- transport chain  O 2 2e- 1H + 2 e- Dehydrogenase 2 e- 2H -What is Oxidized? -What is Reduced?

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mitochondria Structure! Outer Membrane Intermembrane Space Inner Membrane – Cristae Matrix

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview Cellular Respiration- 3 metabolic stages 1.Glycolysis 2.Citric Acid Cycle 3.Oxidative Phosphorylation

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. 2. 3.

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Occurs in the cytoplasm Oxidizes glucose to pyruvate Stage 1: Glycolysis

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glycolysis consists of two major phases: 1. Energy investment phase 2. Energy payoff phase

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Energy Investment Phase Glucose ATP _______ Total ATP used?

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Energy Payoff Phase 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate Total ATP made?

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Investment and Payoff Phases Starting with 1 glucose indicate how many molecules of the following are produced during glycolysis: A. Total ATP made B. Total pyruvate? C. Total NADH?

26. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27. Stage 2: Citric Acid Cycle

28. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Before the citric acid cycle can begin Pyruvate  Acetyl CoA

29. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Before the citric acid cycle can begin Pyruvate  Acetyl CoA

30. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Citric Acid Cycle Produce: -NADH/FADH2 -CO2 -ATP

31. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Citric Acid Cycle Produce: -NADH/FADH2 -CO2 -ATP

32. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Citric Acid Cycle Produce: -NADH/FADH2 -CO2 -ATP

33. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Citric Acid Cycle Produce: -NADH/FADH2 -CO2 -ATP

34. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings An overview of the citric acid cycle

35. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings An overview of the citric acid cycle 1. How many of each of the following molecules are produced per turn? 2. How many of each is made per glucose molecule? NADH FADH2 CO2 ATP

36. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

37. Concept 9.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation: NADH and FADH 2: – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain – Electron transport  inner membrane

38. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electron Transport Chain

39. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electron Transport Chain 1. NADH + FADH2 electrons  2. electron transport chain  3. O 2  4. O 2 + 2H + = H20

40. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electron Transport Chain  5. H+ pumped through electron transport chain proteins from matrix to intermembrane space  6. H+ diffuse back into matrix through ATP Synthase = ATP!!!

41. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electron Transport Chain/ Ox. Phosphorylation

42. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ATP Synthase Rotor Stator Rod Knob (Catalytic sites)

43. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Certain poisons interrupt cellular respiration Figure 6.11

44. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy flow during respiration: Glucose NAD+  NADH e- transport chain = proton-motive force ATP

45. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3 main metabolic processes

46. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 9.5 Fermentation vs. Cellular respiration = Cells produce ATP without the use of oxygen

47. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alcohol Fermentation

48. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alcohol Fermentation

49. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alcohol Fermentation 4e - 2H +

50. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lactic Acid Fermentation

51. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lactic Acid Fermentation 4e - 2H +

52. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pyruvate is a key juncture in catabolism

53. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis Glycolysis – Occurs in nearly all organisms – Probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes before there was oxygen in the atmosphere

54. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 9.6

55. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms Cellular respiration – Is controlled by an allosteric enzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

56. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control of cellular respiration in glycolysis + – –

57. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Ch. 9 Ch. 9 Cellular Respiration Reactants and Products? How are electrons pulled from Glucose? – Dehydrogenase, NAD+, NADH

58. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review! Mitochondrial Structure 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration: 1. Glycolysis (glucose  2 pyruvate) #NADH, #ATP, #CO2, #FADH2? 2. Citric Acid Cycle (pyruvate  acetyl CoA) #NADH, #ATP, #CO2, #FADH2? 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation

59. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Fermentation  no O2 Alcohol and Lactic Acid Carbs., fats and proteins can be used in C.R. Phosphofructokinase

60. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Certain poisons interrupt cellular respiration Figure 6.11