1. Cellular Respiration Harvesting Energy From Food
Life Science/life.htm

2. Obtaining Food All organisms need food for energy and building materials. Biologists classify organisms according to how they obtain food.
Autotrophs are organisms such as a plant that makes its own food. For example, during photosynthesis plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Autotrophs are also called producers.
Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food, such as humans, meaning "other eaters." Heterotrophs are also called consumers.

3. Principles of Energy Harvest
Energy flow occurs through the ecosystem
The products of photosynthesis are the chemical ingredients for cellular respiration, while the products of cellular respiration are the chemical ingredients for photosynthesis.

4. ATP provides the energy for cellular work
ATP: (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
An ATP molecule contains potential energy, much like a compressed spring. When a phosphate group is pulled away during a chemical reaction, energy is released.

5. The ATP Cycle
ATP is constantly recycled in your cells. A working muscle cell recycles all of its ATP molecules about once each minute. That's 10 million ATP molecules spent and regenerated per second!

6. ATP powers cellular work by coupling energy releasing to energy using reactions
ATP + H2O  ADP + P

7. ATP and Cellular Work
Cells perform three main types of work: chemical work, mechanical work, and transport work.
The transfer of the phosphates from ATP forming ADP provides the energy.

8. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
In cellular respiration, the atoms in glucose and oxygen are rearranged, forming carbon dioxide and water. The cell uses the energy released to produce ATP.

9. "Falling" Electrons as an Energy Source
Food represents a source of high energy electrons similar to the potential energy of being on top of a slide.
When the electrons pass from the high potential state of food to oxygen, released energy is converted to other forms of energy.
How does burning compare to cellular respiration?
When sugar is burned, oxygen atoms pull electrons from carbon and hydrogen, forming new chemical bonds. Burning releases energy in the form of heat and light.

10. Burning Compared to Cell Respiration: The energy release is controlled by enzymes and carrier molecules in a series of steps.

11. Electron Transport Chains
Compared with burning, cellular respiration is a more controlled. Energy is released from glucose in small amounts that cells can put to productive use—the formation of ATP molecules.

12. In Eukaryotic Cells, the reaction of Aerobic Respiration occur Inside MITOCHONDRIA.

13. Structure of Mitochondria
Mitochondria are found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Its structure is key to its role in cellular respiration.
Its complex folding pattern of membranes and spaces allows for many sites where reactions can occur.

14. Respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport

15. Stage I: Glycolysis
The first stage in breaking down a glucose molecule, called glycolysis (splitting sugar), takes place outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the cell.

16. Glycolysis oxidizes glucose to pyruvate
The energy input and output of glycolysis.
Concentrate on the totals, not the details!
Glycolysis movie

17. Stage 2: The Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide, releasing more energy. The enzymes for the Krebs cycle are in the fluid matrix within a mitchondrion.

18. Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Action The final stage occurs in the inner membranes of mitochondria. This stage has two parts: an electron transport chain and ATP production by ATP synthase

19. Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
ATP synthase protein complex functions as a mill, powered by the flow of hydrogen ions.
This complex resides in mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes of eukaryotes and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes..
The gradient of hydrogen ions “pushes” the ATP synthesis.

20. Animation of ATP synthesis in Mitochondria
Copyright Thomas M. Terry, The University of Connecticut

21. Cellular respiration generates many ATP molecules for each sugar molecule it oxidizes
During respiration, most energy flows in this sequence:
Glucose NADH  electron transport chain  protonmotive force  ATP

22. Harvesting Energy without Oxygen
Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells
When your lungs and bloodstream can't supply oxygen fast enough to meet your muscles' need for ATP. Your muscle cells use fermentation to make ATP without using oxygen.
How does the energy production of Lactic Acid fermentation compare to aerobic respiration?

23. Lactic Acid fermentation occurs in animal cells deficient in oxygen
Lactic Acid Fermentation movie

24. Fermentation in Microorganisms
Yeast (a microscopic fungus) is capable of both cellular respiration and fermentation.
Fermentation in yeast produces ethyl alcohol. The carbon dioxide that is released during fermentation creates bubbles and pockets that make bread rise. The alcohol evaporates during baking.

25. Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the help of oxygen. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast.
Alcoholic Fermentation movie

26. The catabolism of various food molecules
The catabolism of various food molecules. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuel for cellular respiration.