Structure and Functions of Microorganisms Classification of Life - Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - Bacteria, Parasites, Fungi & Viruses

Classification of Life

What’s the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? ThinkWell Video What’s the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Organisms without a cell nucleus or any other membrane bound organelle DNA found in the nucleoid within the cytoplasm of organism. Examples: Bacteria and Archaea. Organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures organelles. DNA found in the nucleus. Examples: Plants, Animals, Fungus, and Protist 1. pro—means “before” karyo—means kernel or nut 2. pro—have no membrane bound organelles; eu—have membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Eukaryotes - Animal Prokaryotes - Bacteria

Review of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes & Classification of Life. Brain Pop- Cell Specialization, Six Kingdoms

BACTERIA

Bacteria – Quick Facts Size – Single Cell (1-2 micrometers) Shape – Spiral, Rod-like, Corkscrew, Spherical Structure – Prokaryotic Cell (No Nucleus) Food – By absorbing nutrients from the material they live on or in. (Heterotrophs) Movement – Flagella and Pili.

Bacteria - Introduction Bacteria can live in a variety of places (with oxygen, without oxygen, extreme hot, extreme cold). Extreme Bacteria = Archaea.

Bacteria - Reproduction Bacteria reproduce through binary fission. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial populations can double very quickly.

Bacteria - Diseases Millions of bacteria live on the skin and in the intestines. The vast majority of bacteria do not cause disease, and many bacteria are actually helpful and even necessary for good health. Harmful bacteria that cause bacterial infections and disease are called pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial diseases occur when pathogenic bacteria get into the body and begin to reproduce and crowd out healthy bacteria.

Streptococcal bacteria Bacteria - Diseases Examples: Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella cause food poisoning. Streptococcal bacteria cause a variety of infections in the body, including pneumonia, meningitis, ear infections, and strep throat. E. coli Salmonella Streptococcal bacteria

Bacteria – Shape/Type Spherical, Rod-like, Spiral, Corkscrew Spherical – Known as cocci. Strep Throat Rod-like – Known as bacilli Salmonella Spiral – Known as spirilla Oceanospirllum Corkscrew – Known as helical Lyme Disease - Borellia

Bacteria - Treatment Antibiotics are used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Biotics—of or having to do with life or living organisms Because antibiotics have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria occurs when mutant bacteria survive an antibiotic treatment and give rise to a resistant population.

Bacteria Wrap Up Brain Pop – Bacteria, Antibiotic Resistance

PARASITES

Parasites – Quick Facts Size – 70% of all parasites that can live in the human body are MICROSCOPIC - only 30% are visible to the naked eye. Shape – bacterial, fungal, protist, macro organisms Structure – specialized anatomically and physiologically to exploit host Food – live on or in a host’s body Movement – food, water, blood, vectors

Parasite – How does it live and grow? Natural selection favors adaptations that allow a parasite to efficiently exploit its host. Tapeworms are so specialized for a parasitic lifestyle that they do not even have a digestive system. They live in the small intestine of their host and absorb nutrients directly through their skin.

Parasites - Disease Infectious disease may also be caused by animal parasites, which may take up residence in the intestines, bloodstream, or tissues. Male Tick Lyme Disease Malaria

FUNGI

Fungi – Quick Facts Size – 2-10 um, 20-25 cm Shape – cell walls with chitin Structure – hyphae with spores attached Food – heterotrophic Movement – spores in the air

Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic organisms, and most are multicellular heterotrophs. Truffle Mushrooms Lichen

Fungi - Reproduction Sexually (similar to plants) and Asexually (producing spores). When the environment is favorable, asexual reproduction ensures an increased spread of the species.

Fungi - Diseases Fungi can sometimes attack the tissues of living plants and animals and cause disease. Fungal disease is a major concern for humans because fungi attack not only us but also our food sources, making fungi competitors with humans for nutrients. Athlete’s Foot Blight Fungus

Fungi - Diseases Mold spores can cause mild to serious allergies in some people. Billions of mold spores can become airborne and may then be inhaled, triggering an allergic reaction. Mold Spores Mold Spores

Fungi - Treatment Athlete's foot is treated with topical antifungal medication (a drug placed directly on the skin) in most cases. Severe cases may require oral drugs (those taken by mouth). The feet must be kept clean and dry since the fungus thrives in moist environments.

Fungi - Activities Brain Pop

VIRUS

Virus – Quick Facts Size – 0.03-.003 micrometers (um) Shape – helical, polyhedral, enveloped Structure –protein coat with DNA or RNA Food – host cell ??????? Movement – vectors, blood, air, contact, water, food

Virus Viruses are non-living particles composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat. Are much smaller than bacteria

Virus - Structure The term virus comes from the Latin word that means “poison”. Consist of genetic material contained inside a protective protein called a capsid.

Virus - Reproduction Viruses need a host cell to reproduce. Viruses are not living.

Harmful Viruses Viral illnesses range from mild fevers to some forms of cancer and include several other severe and fatal diseases. Polio, Smallpox, diphtheria, HIV, influenza, Ebola, West Nile, mononucleosis, measles/mumps Polio Mononucleosis

Harmful Viruses Ebola HIV

Viral Transmission Viral diseases are among the most widespread illnesses in humans. Transmission of these illnesses varies; some are transmitted by human contact, while others are transmitted through water or an insect bite. Sometimes the host cell is killed sometimes it is not. Sometimes a virus is harmful sometimes it is not.

Virus – Treatment/Prevention When you get a virus your body fights it off and builds immunities against it in the form of antibodies. Vaccines and some anti-viral drugs are used to control and prevent the spread of viral diseases.

Why are viruses not listed on here?

Vector Mechanisms or organisms (excluding humans) that spread diseases without showing symptoms. Latin word meaning “carrier”.

Disease a disease outbreak happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or region, or during a season. An outbreak may occur in one community or even extend to several countries. It can last from days to years. Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is considered an outbreak.