Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Platelets (Thrombocytes) Structure Function Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Circular, flattened, biconcave shape No nucleus Contain haemoglobin Elastic. Able to turn bell shape Transport oxygen from lungs to cells around body Plasma Pale yellowish liquid Contains 90% water Transports substances such as soluble proteins (e.g. fibrinogen, prothrombin, antibodies), dissolved mineral salts (e.g. calcium), food (e.g. glucose, amino acids), excretory products (e.g. urea, carbon dioxide), hormones (e.g. insulin) around body White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) Irregular in shape Presence of nucleus Colourless. No haemoglobin Elastic. Defense body against diseases Platelets (Thrombocytes) Membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm (not true cells) Blood clotting Transport function Protective function

Oxygenated blood is brought out of the lungs through pulmonary veins. Transport function Alveoli in lungs Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Deoxygenated blood is brought back to the lungs through pulmonary arteries. Oxygenated blood is brought out of the lungs through pulmonary veins. Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg

Alveoli in lungs Transport function Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein O2 Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration of oxygen) to blood capillaries (lower concentration of oxygen), down a concentration gradient. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries (higher concentration of oxygen) to alveoli (lower concentration of oxygen). Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg

Alveoli in lungs Transport function Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein CO2 Which region, A, B or C has a higher concentration of oxygen or carbon dioxide? Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration of oxygen) to blood capillaries (lower concentration of oxygen), down a concentration gradient. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries (higher concentration of oxygen) to alveoli (lower concentration of oxygen). Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg

Exchange of substances Transport function Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell RBC Cell RBC Cell Cell Cell Cell Arteriole Capillaries Venule Cell Cell Cell Exchange of substances Useful materials such as glucose and oxygen are transported from plasma /RBC (higher concentration) to tissue fluid (lower concentration), down a concentration gradient, by diffusion. The useful materials in the tissue fluid will diffuse to the cells when concentration of these useful materials in the tissue fluid becomes higher than that in the cells. Osmosis will also occur. Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell

Exchange of substances Transport function Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell RBC Cell RBC Cell Cell Cell Cell Arteriole Capillaries Venule Exercising  Heat is being distributed by blood to all parts of the body. Cell Cell Cell Exchange of substances Cell Waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea are transported from cells (higher concentration) to tissue fluid (lower concentration), down a concentration gradient, by diffusion. The waste products in the tissue fluid will diffuse to the plasma when concentration of the waste products in tissue fluid is higher than plasma. Cell Cell Cell Cell

Transport function How is a molecule of oxygen being transported from lungs to the liver cell? Haemoglobin in RBC binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. Blood transports oxyhaemoglobin to all tissues in the body. As RBC moves through the capillaries in the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration) into RBC (lower concentration). Rearrange! Oxyhaemoglobin releases its oxygen to tissues containing very little oxygen by diffusion.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Platelets (Thrombocytes) Structure Function Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Circular, flattened, biconcave shape No nucleus Contain haemoglobin Elastic. Able to turn bell shape Transport oxygen from lungs to cells around body Plasma Pale yellowish liquid Contains 90% water Transports substances such as soluble proteins (e.g. fibrinogen, prothrombin, antibodies), dissolved mineral salts (e.g. calcium), food (e.g. glucose, amino acids), excretory products (e.g. urea, carbon dioxide), hormones (e.g. insulin) around body White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) Irregular in shape Presence of nucleus Colourless. No haemoglobin Elastic. Defense body against diseases Platelets (Thrombocytes) Membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm (not true cells) Blood clotting Transport function Protective function

Protective function Blood Clotting Phagocytosis Antibody production By platelets By phagocytes By lymphocytes Blood Clotting Phagocytosis Antibody production

When blood vessels are damaged, Protective function Blood Clotting When blood vessels are damaged, Platelets adhere to the cut edges. Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets. Formation of platelet plug prevents external bleeding. Damaged tissues and blood platelets release thrombokinase (enzyme). Thrombokinase neutralises action of heparin (anti-clotting substance in blood). In the presence of calcium ions, thrombokinase catalyses conversion of inactive prothrombin to active thrombin (enzyme). Platelet plug helps to stop external bleedinge, prevents entry of bacteria. Thrombin catalyses conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads. Insoluble fibrin threads entangle blood cells. A clot and scab is formed.

Protective function Phagocytosis Phagocyte flows over to the foreign particle. Phagocyte engulfs foreign particle. Foreign particle will be digested by phagocyte. Adapted from http://www.cutiegadget.com/pict/pacman-plush.jpg

Protective function Antibody production Disease causing micro-organisms in blood stream. Lymphocyte releases antibodies. Antibodies can - rupture bacteria - agglutinate bacteria such that they will be easily digested by phagocytes - neutralise harmful products produced by bacteria - prevent viruses from attaching to host cells by attaching to them Antibodies vs antibiotics

BCG (for tuberculosis) Hepatitis B - 1st dose 2 month Age Vaccine At birth BCG (for tuberculosis) Hepatitis B - 1st dose 2 month *Hexa (Six-in-One) 4 months ** DTaP/ IPV/ Hib 6 months Hexa (Six-in-One) 12 months Hepatitis B Booster for children of Hepatitis B carrier mothers only 15 months MMR (Measles/Mumps/Rubella) 18 months DTaP/ IPV/ Hib - 1st booster 6 yearsDT 2nd booster Oral Sabin - 2nd booster (oral polio vaccine) 12 yearsDT 3rd booster Oral Sabin - 3rd booster MMR - 2nd dose Vaccination: Injection of dead foreign bodies into humans to stimulate lymphocytes into secreting antibodies Adapted from http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_lm2JI7sGwYI/SZUGTvIT7RI/AAAAAAAAEkQ/14mCG1Y2RX0/s400/vaccination(5).jpg *  Hexa (Six-in-One) includes    Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis (DTaP)    Haemophilus Influenza type B (Hib)    Inactivated Polio (IPV)    Hepatitis B ** Diphtheria/Pertussis/Tetanus (DTaP), Haemophilus Influenzae type B (Hib) & Polio (IPV)

Amount of antibodies in blood Graph (2nd exposure to foreign bodies): - More antibodies - Response is faster 2nd exposure to the same foreign bodies Amount of antibodies in blood 1st exposure to foreign bodies Graph (1st exposure to foreign bodies): Lymphocytes respond to foreign bodies by producing antibodies.

tissue or organ transplant occur? Protective function Blood Clotting Phagocytosis Antibody production What will happen when tissue or organ transplant occur?

Blood group? Types of antigens Types of antibodies Classified according to Types of antigens Types of antibodies

Plasma antibodies of recipient cannot react with antigens from donor. What is a blood group? Antigen A Antigen B Antigen A and B No antigens Antigen A and antibody a will agglutinate (clumping of blood). This will block narrow blood capillaries. Antigen B and antibody b will agglutinate (clumping of blood). This will block narrow blood capillaries. Donor’s antibodies will be diluted by recipient’s plasma. Therefore, the donor’s antibodies will have no effect on recipient’s antigens. Blood O is universal donor. Blood AB is universal acceptor. Antibodies are also proteins Antibody b Antibody a No antibody Antibodies a and b Different from antibodies produced by lymphocytes

Blood Type O Type O’s are outgoing, and very social. They are initiators, although they don’t always finish what they start. Creative and popular, they love to be the center of attention and appear very self confident. Blood Type A While outwardly calm, they have such high standards (perfectionists) that they tend to be balls of nerves on the inside. Type A’s are the most artistic of the blood groups. They can be shy, are conscientious, trustworthy, and sensitive. Blood Type B Goal oriented and strong minded, type B’s will start a task and continue it until completed, and completed well. Type B’s are the individualists of the blood group categories and find their own way in life. Blood Type AB Type AB’s are the split personalities of the blood groups. They can be both outgoing and shy, confident and timid. While responsible, too much responsibility will cause a problem. They are trustworthy and like to help others. Adapted from http://www.recipeapart.com/blood-type-reveals-personality/

Venule end Arteriole end Formation of tissue fluid What are the small or elastic molecules in blood? What is the structure of capillaries? Partially permeable - Plasma (water + small soluble molecules) - WBC What does partially permeable mean? Allows small molecules to move through. Elastic molecules maybe able to squeeze through as well. What are the big or less elastic molecules in blood? - RBC - Plasma proteins

Water, small soluble molecules Water from tissue fluid moves into the blood by osmosis at the venule end and small soluble molecules move into the blood by diffusion. Water, small soluble molecules Red blood cells and big plasma proteins continue to move in the capillaries. As blood flows from the arteriole to venule end, the blood becomes concentrated with solutes, such as plasma proteins. Water, small soluble molecules and WBC High pressure at the arteriole end forces water, small soluble molecules and white blood cells out of capillaries through the partially permeable endothelium into the tissue fluid. Venule end Arteriole end Remaining tissue fluid is collected by lymphatic vessels. The fluid in lymphatic system is known as lymph. Lymph will be emptied to blood circulation through a vein near heart.

Summary