1. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S Explain the importance of the circulatory system in linking all systems of the organism together. Describe the structure and function of the heart in moving blood around the body. Describe the structure and function of the blood vessels. Describe the structure and function of the blood in supporting life. Learning Outcomes

2. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Need for Circulatory System As organisms increase in size and complexity, the distance that materials have to travel within the body increases, so diffusion alone becomes inadequate as means for their distribution. We need a transport system to distribute nutrients, oxygen and remove urea, carbon dioxide across long distances.

3. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S Circulatory System Heart-to pump the blood Blood vessel - a network of tubes which carry blood Blood – a liquid which is a transport medium

4. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Need for Circulatory System Our blood transports: – Nutrients from the digestive system, – Oxygen from the lungs, – Carbon dioxide and other wastes from tissue cells, – Hormones from various organs such as the pancreas, as well as cells which provide protection for the body.

5. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S 7.1 The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Our blood transports:

6. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S 7.1 The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Makes up to 55% of blood. Pale yellowish liquid Complex mixture of soluble proteins (antibodies), nutrients (eg. glucose, amino acids, vitamins, mineral ions) dissolved gases, hormones, and metabolic waste products (urea, carbon dioxide) dissolved or suspended in 92% of water. Plasma

7. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Cellular Elements Red blood cells: – This allows cells to be bent out of shape as they squeeze through capillaries which are narrower than themselves. – Circular and biconcave with the centre portion much thinner than the edge. – Mature red blood cells lack nucleus which allows them to contain more haemoglobin. – Relatively short life span of only three months. – Replacement cells are produced by bone marrow.

8. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S 7.1 The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Red Blood Cells in Bone Marrow

9. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S

10. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Cellular Elements White blood cells: – All leucocytes have a nucleus.

11. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S 7.1 The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Cellular Elements White blood cells: Lymphocytes and Phagocytes Nucleus present, irregular shape Able to move by themselves, changeable shape The creeping movement of the white blood cell enables it: – To squeeze through pores in capillary walls in order to reach the sites of infection, and – remove bacteria or damaged cells.

12. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S 7.1 The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Cellular Elements Phagocytes: Lobed nucleus During phagocytosis, cell body surround, engulf, ingest and digest bacteria or damaged cells.

13. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S 7.1 The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Cellular Elements

14. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Cellular Elements Lymphocytes Produced by lymph nodes Produce and secrete antibodies.

15. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Antibodies: Attaches to bacteria and cause them to clump together (agglutination). Why?? easily ingested by phagocytes Neutralise toxins in blood, released by invading bacteria, to harmless substances.

16. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Antibodies: Why do you get certain illness, like chicken pox, only once? Antibodies are specific to the organism against which they are produced. May stay in blood for a few weeks or for a lifetime.

17. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Tissue Rejection What can go wrong after a organ/tissue transplant? When a foreign tissue is inserted into another individual, it may be rejected. The tissue/organ may stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies and cause the tissue cells to die.

18. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Tissue Rejection Ways to reduce tissue rejection: – Tissue matching – Immunosuppression through the use of chemicals (drugs) which inhibit activity of the lymphocytes

19. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S 7.1 The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Cellular Elements Platelets: – Fragments of cells, only 2μm to 4μm in diameter. – Between 250 000 to 400 000 platelets per mm 3 of blood. – Can live between five to eight days before being destroyed by patrolling phagocytes. – Used for formation of blood clot (platelet plug), thereby preventing blood loss.

20. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The process of clotting Damaged tissues and platelets release an enzyme which starts a series of other enzyme catalysed reactions. Soluble fibrinogen is converted to insoluble mesh of fibrin threads. Fibrin mesh entangle some blood cells and forms a clot. The clot seals up the wound, prevents bleeding and entry of pathogens.

21. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S 7.1 The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Cellular Elements Platelets:

22. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S 7.1 The Circulatory Fluid: Blood Cellular Elements Platelets: – Once the clot has formed, it shrinks and presses out most of the fluid. – Clot hardens and stops further bleeding.

23. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S The Circulatory Fluid: Blood

24. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S

25. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S UK NEWS PATIENT WAS ‘SUCKED DRY’ BY LEECHES Wednesday September 2,2009 By Daily Express Reporter A DOCTOR is facing manslaughter charges after a patient was “sucked dry” by dozens of blood leeches during alternative medicine treatment, a court heard yesterday. Leeches were used in medieval medicine to suck out blood and put the body back into “balance”. In modern medicine they are used for relieving blood pressure and stimulating circulation. Dr Inge Krebs is accused of attaching so many leeches to her 86- year-old patient that she died.

26. Transport in Animals T H E M E T W O : M A I N T E N A N C E & R E G U L A T I O N O F P R O C E S S E S Differences between the red blood cell and white blood cells Red blood cell contains haemoglobin No nucleus Circular and biconcave in shape Transport oxygen Cannot squeeze out of capillaries (fine blood vessels) White blood cell haemoglobin absent Nucleus present Irregular in shpae Phagocytosis or production of antibody Able to squeeze out of fine blood vessels