Chapter 1 Pre-History to 1550 Many Cultures Meet Chapter 1 Pre-History to 1550 Obj: How did Natives get here How did different cultures develop What were the major cultural areas.

Section 1 The American Indian A. First Americans Called Paleo-Indians Two Theories on how they got here 1. Land Bridge- ice age exposed a land bridge- Beringia- 15,000 years ag0 2. 40,000 years ago, natives sailed small boats here while hunting

B. Paleo Indians 12,000-10,000 years ago- earth warmed Following game, natives spread out all over North and South America Many different cultures would emerge. Why? Adapt to where they settle

C. Agriculture Natives developed farming in central Mexico 3,500 years ago. Starting growing corn- Maize Let to the development of permanent settlements This would lead to civilization-ex. Mayas, Aztecs, Why?

D. Early Cultures 1. Southwest tribes Had to adapt to dry climate- built canals, dams Houses made of adobe- sun dried brick Examples- Hohokam, and Anasazi Disappeared about AD 1100 and 1300 Why?? Cliff Palace in Chaco Canyon

2. Mississippi Valley More fertile and temperate climate Grew into big civilizations Cahokia- center of Cahokia society- largest city in NA- 10,000-40,000 people Also disappeared Cahokia mounds?

3. Great Planes Arid climate People were nomads Lived in tepees. Why?? Gatherer hunters, following buffalo Horse changed the lives of the Great planes Indians

4. Eastern Woodland Lived in Eastern U.S. Long winters and warm summers Developed into two groups Algonquin Iroquois Iroquois league was first confederation in North America

E. Common Culture Did not develop into nations Usually no central figure of authority- spread out among many chiefs Religions centered on nature Little private property

Section 2 The Europeans Describe Europe in 15th century What changes were taking place What was happening on Iberian Peninsula at end of middle ages and into Renaissance

A. 15th Century Europe Middle Ages- after collapse of Romans Basically sucked No central governments Famine, disease, foreign invasion Bubonic Plague killed off 1/3 of Europe Society based on Feudalism Ruling elite- Lords-knights-Peasants- most people were peasants These feudal states always warring

B. Europeans Explore Church dominated medieval society 1400’s pope called on all good Christians to raise armies to conquer the Holy Land from the Muslims Failed miserably, but ideas and goods spread through crusades Helped lead to the Renaissance- rebirth of learning Europeans started exploring the world again

C. New Trade Increase in exploration led to trade Trade led to a increase in the middle class Merchants brought wealth Wealth led to the revival of nations- France, Great Britain, Italy End of Feudalism, start of monarchies

D. Reconquista Isabella and Ferdinand married to unite Spain against the Muslim moors to take back the Iberian peninsula 1492 Reconquista was complete

E. Portuguese exploration Three inventions Caravel Compass Astrolabe Quadrant Prince Henry the Navigator- directed exploration Portugal began building an empire exploring West Africa

Section 3 West Africa OBJ: describe cultural characteristics of West Africa in 15th century Summarize contact between Europeans and Africans Explore how slave trade began

A. West African Kingdoms The Portuguese opened West Africa up to trade 3 African Kingdoms Ghana- earliest Mali- most famous ruler- Mansa Musa- Songhai- latest kingdom- capital at Timbuktu

B. Slavery in Africa Slavery existed in Africa before Europeans arrived Captured people, criminals, or undesirables How was slavery different in Africa? Were adopted, given important jobs, and were released with time

C. Portuguese Exploit Trade First- wanted gold Then peppers, ivory, copper, and finally slaves Relied on West African tribes to capture slaves for them By 1500, buying 1,800 slaves a year Millions more would follow

Section 4 First Encounters OBJ: identify goals of C. Columbus Explain consequences of his journey to Americas Analyze effects of European Contact with Indians

A. Spain looks West Portuguese explorers still going around Africa Why? Italy dominated overland routes Bartolommeo Dias- reached Cape of Good Hope Vasco Da Gama- went around cape and reached India Spain wanted to find their own trade route

B. Columbus From Italy Believed could sail west- based on bad math- off by 7,000 miles Also heard stories of Vikings visiting land in west In 1492, Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain to finance his trip

C. Set Sail 3 ships- Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria 90 men- many of which were convicts Reached the Bahamas after 33 days Claimed all land for Spain God, Glory, and Gold? Called natives “Indians” Thought he was in West Indies

D. Settlement Set up settlement of Hispaniola Left men and when he returned, his men had been killed Used as an excuse to kill and subjugate the native populations Columbus died in 1506

E. Divided lands Pope divided new territory between Spain and Portugal with line of Demarcation. Treaty of Tordesillas Spain west of it in New World, Portugal east in Africa. However, Brazil did extent pass the line Why did pope do this???? Native not considered

F. More Explorers John Cabot for English explored Newfoundland Pedro Alvarez Cabral for Portugal explored coast of Brazil Amerigo Vespucci named new continent America after himself Ferdinand Magellan- 1519 and 1522, circled the globe

G. Conquistadors Spanish soldiers in search of GGG’s Hernan Cortes- led group of 600 volunteers Took on the Aztec empire of central Mexico Montezuma was the Aztec leader Capital was Tenochtitlan- about 200,000 inhabitants How did 600 take down the Aztecs??? City destroyed and Spanish take the wealth

Francisco Pizarro- another conquistador Marched south with 180 soldiers Took on the Incas and their empire in Peru and Chile and capital of Machu Picchu Destroyed the Incas and sent back riches to Spain Advantages- steel, guns, horses, and germs Indian populations devastated

E. Transatlantic Exchange Europeans brought many things to new world and took things back to Europe. Examples????