Delirium & Sedation Nov 2013
Outline Definition, incidence & prognosis Causes Assessment Treatment Sedation
Definition Acute change in mental status with a fluctuating course, characterized by inattention and disorganized thinking Brain failure, part of MOF Hyperactive/Hypoactive/Mixed
Incidence & prognosis 15-80% of critically ill patients Easily missed Up to 3x increased mortality Increased days ventilated/length of stay Long term cognitive impairment
Causes Iatrogenic Sleep disturbance Pain Sepsis/hypoxia/electrolytes etc Pre-existing cognitive problems Drugs Legal and illegal Alcohol
Assessment CAM-ICU Richmond Agitation Sedation Score Don’t miss an alternative diagnosis CVA Intracranial bleed Thyroid disease Psychiatric disease
Treatment General & non- pharmacological Treat organic problems inc withdrawal Good nursing & orientation Day-night cycle protection Glasses/hearing aids Pharmacological Haloperidol Olanzapine α agonists Trazadone No benzodiazepines & watch out for long qt
Sedation – why? Airway protection Mechanical ventilation Haemodynamic stability To facilitate patient care Other procedures – endoscopy, interventional radiology, sengstaken
Sedation Propofol/fentanyl unit standard Alfentanil/remifentanil Morphine & midazolam Paediatrics Propofol infusion syndrome Thiopentone Status epilepticus Raised ICP Dexmedetomidine
Sedation Daily sedation hold if at all feasible Aim is RASS 0 to -2 Nurses vs doctors Don’t forget analgesia or local anaesthesia PTSD
Summary Definition & importance of delirium Causes Assessment and treatment Methods and aims of sedation