1. Cognitive disorders Group of psychiatric disorders characterized by the primary P symptom common to all the disorders, which is an impairment in cognition ( as memory, attention, concentration.orientation, language,....), in the past these condition were classified under the heading "organic mental disorders ". Classification of Cognitive disorders Delirium Dementia Amnestic disorders Lec: 1

2. Delirium Previously termed acute confusional state, is characterized by changes in the consciousness, attention, cognition (memory deficit, disorientation, language disturbances ), or perception. These changes develop over a short period of time, tend to fluctuate during a 24-hr periods, & can't be solely accounted for by dementia. Depletion of acetylcholine and changes in others neurotransmitters (y-amino butyric acid, serotonin, nor adrenaline & histamine ) have been implicated in the development of delirium

3. Epidemiology extremely common in medical & surgical patients 10-20% Particularly vulnerable include: - elderly - pre-existing dementia - blind or deaf - very young - post operative - Burn-victim - alcoholic & drug dependent - serious illness particularly multiple

4. Clinical features - impaired level of consciousness with reduced ability to direct, sustain, & shift attention - global impairment of cognition with disorientation & impairment of recent memory & abstract thinking - Disturbances in sleep / wake cycle with neuronal worsening of symptoms * psychomotor agitation & emotional lability * perceptional disorders, illusions, & hallucination especially visual * Speech may be rumbiling, incoherent & thought disorders * there may be poorly developed paranoid delusions * onset of clinical features is rapid with fluctuation in the severity over minutes & hours ( even back to apparent normality )

5. Differential diagnosis * mood disorders * psychotic illness * post-ictal * dementia ( characteristically has insidious onset with stable course & clear consciousness -clarify functional level prior to admission )

6. Aetiology The cause is frequently multi-factorial & the most likely cause varies with clinical setting in which the patient presents. * intracranial: CVA, head injury, encephalitis, primary or metastatic tumor, raised ICP * metabolic : anaemia, electrolyte disturbances, hepatic encephalopathy, uremia, cardiac failure, hypothermia * endocrine: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, or adrenal diseases, hypoglycemia, DM, vitamins deficiency (thiamine, B12, folat, nicotinic acid ) * infective: UTI, chest inf., wound abscess, cellulites, SBE * substance intoxications or withdrawal : alcohol, benzodiazepines, anticholinergic, psychotropics, lithium, antihypertensive, diuretics, anticonvulsant, digoxin, steroids, NSAIDs * hypoxia 2ry to any cause

7. Course & prognosis Delirium usually has a sudden onset, usually lasts less than wk, & resolve quickly. There is often patchy amnesia for the period of delirium. mortality is high ( estimated to be up to 50% at 1 year). May be a marker for the subsequent development of dementia.

8. Assessment * Attend promptly ( situation only tend to deterioration & behaviorally disturbed patients cause considerable anxiety on medical wards ). * Review time-course of condition with nursing & medical staff & review notes- particularly blood results * Establish pre-morbid functional level ( e.g from relative or GP).

9. Management 4 main principles management * Identify & treat precipitating cause * Provide environmental & supportive measures (below) * Avoid sedation unless severely agitated or necessary to minimize risk to patient or to facilitate investigations/ treatment * Regular clinical review & follow up ( MMSE useful in monitoring cognitive improvement at follow up).

10. Sedation in delirium * Use single medication * Start at low dose & titrate to effects * Give dose & reassess in 2-4 hrs before prescribing regularly Possible * avoid PRN medication if * Review dose regularly & taper & stop ASAP * Consider Haloperidol 0.5-1 mg up to max of 4 mg daily Lorazepam 0.5-1 mg up to max of 4 mg daily Risperidone 1-4mg up to max of 6 mg daily

11. Environmental & supportive measures in delirium * education of all who interact with the patient ( doctors, nurses, family,..etc) * reality orientation technique. Firm clear communication- preferably by same staff member use of clock & calendars. * create an environment that optimize stimulation ( e.g adequate lighting), reduce unnecessary noise, mobilize patient whenever possible * correct sensory impairment ( e.g hearing aids, glasses ) * optimize patients condition-attention to hydration. Nutrition, elimination, pain control * make environment safe (remove object with which patient could harm self or others ) Cognitive disorders