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Fig. 22-2, p. 520 Solid Waste Image courtesy of Marc MorellMarc Morell

Fig. 22-4, p. 522 Image courtesy of georgehotelling, flickr.comgeorgehotelling

Household Waste Systems Conservation of Mass Inputs vs. Outputs

Systems Boston Harbor BioSphere 2 Eco-Sphere Globe Your house Image courtesy of Cindy Funk, flickr.comCindy Funk

Solids Budget InputsOutputs

Budget Groceries (food) –Packaging –Beverages Books, newspapers, magazines Clothing Furniture Yardwaste Water Fuel Garbage disposal, sewage, compost, trash, recycle Recycle, trash Reuse, trash Compost, degrade, dump Sewage Carbon dioxide

Figure by UMB OpenCourseWare

Where does it go?

A national recycling rate of 30%, up from 28% in 1999, 57% of yard trimmings were recovered for composting in 2000, nearly a fourfold increase since % of paper and paperboard were recovered for recycling in Americans generated nearly 232 million tons of MSW, a slight.3% increase from a % of MSW was combusted 55.3% of MSW was land filled, down somewhat from 57.2% in 1999.

Where does it go? Image courtesy of EPA

US Disposal Figure by UMB OpenCourseWare

Cost of trash New York (2002)--$132 per ton processed, $239/ton recycled Costs range from $45 to $71 per ton to dispose $70 per ton in Massachusetts (2001) for incinerator, landfill or processing facility

Landfills 16 total in Massachusetts Nantucket, Westborough, Bourne, Chicopee, Dartmouth, Fall River, Hadley, Hull, Northampton, Sturbridge, Southbridge, Taunton, Warren, Wayland, Westminster Image courtesy of Marc MorellMarc Morell

Fig , p. 532 Sand When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Methane storage and compressor building Leachate storage tank Leachate monitoring well Groundwater monitoring well Electricity generator building Leachate treatment system Methane gas recovery well Compacted solid waste Leachate pipes Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal Groundwater Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill Topsoil Sand Clay Subsoil Probes to detect methane leaks Garbage Synthetic liner Sand Clay Pipes collect explosive methane as used as fuel to generate electricity Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Incinerators Agawam Haverhill Millbury North Andover Rochester Image courtesy of USEPA

Fig , p. 530 Crane Hazardous waste landfill Waste treatment Conventional landfill Waste pit Bottom ash Fly ash Conveyor Water added Dirty water Furnace Wet scrubber Electrostatic precipitator Boiler Smokestack Electricity Steam Turbine Generator Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Conservation Reduce –Fewer inputs Reuse –Fewer inputs, fewer outputs Recycle –Have others use –Reduce production wastes

Recycling Rates Figure by UMB OpenCourseWare

Compost Backyard Compost Bin Image courtesy of mjmontymjmonty

Waste Generated from Products you Purchase Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Hazardous Waste Batteries Paint Cleaners Pharmaceuticals Pesticides Americans generate 1.6 million tons of HHW per year. The average home can accumulate as much as 100 pounds of HHW in the basement and garage and in storage closets. During the 1980s, many communities started special collection days or permanent collection sites for handling HHW. In 1997, there were more than 3,000 HHW permanent programs and collection events throughout the United States.

Fig , p. 540 Bulk waste Gas vent Topsoil Earth Plastic cover Clay cap Double leachate collection system Plastic double liner Impervious clay cap Leak detection system Reactive wastes in drums Groundwater monitoring well Groundwater Water table Earth Impervious clay Sand Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Problems and Solutions Conservation of Mass –There is no “away” –Not in my backyard Pollution –Water pollution (leaching landfills) –Air pollution (incinerators) –Hazardous wastes Costs –Full cost accounting Reduce, reuse, recycle

Hazardous Toxic Household Materials Cleaning Products Disinfectants, bleach and ammonia Drain, toilet and window cleaners Oven cleaners Cleaning solvents and spot remover Septic tank cleaners Paint and Building Products Latex and oil-based paints Paint thinner, solvents, and strippers Stains, varnishes, and lacquers Wood preservatives Acids for etching and rust removal Gardening and Pest Control Products Pesticide sprays and dusts; flea killers Weed killers Ant and rodent killers Automotive Products Gasoline and used motor oils Antifreeze; solvents; battery acid Brake and transmission fluid; rust inhibitors General Products Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium) Artist’s paints and inks; glues and cements

Images removed due to copyright restrictions.