Chemistry in Biology Section 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 2: Chemical Reactions Section 3: Water and Solutions Section 4: The Building Blocks of Life
I. Atoms (and their components) Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds I. Atoms (and their components) Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom. A. Protons are positively charged particles. B. Neutrons are particles that have no charge.
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds C. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.
Electron clouds (orbitals, shells, rings, etc) Diagraming: Start in the center closest to the nucleus and work out Place the proper # of electrons in the following arrangement: 1st: can hold 2 Formula: 2n2 2nd: can hold 8 3rd: can hold 18 4th: can hold 32
Valence electrons: the # of electrons in the outermost orbital of any diagram * the closer to “full” outer shells, the more “stable” the molecule. Atoms will bond with neighboring to try to become “full”
There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally. Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds II. Elements A. element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means. There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally. Each element has a unique name and symbol.
Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds The Periodic Table of Elements Horizontal rows are called periods. Vertical columns are called groups.
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds B. Isotopes Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but have a different number of neutrons
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Radioactive Isotopes When a nucleus breaks apart, it gives off radiation that can be detected and used for many applications. Medical needs, dating fossils, etc…
A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds III. Compounds A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine Compounds are always formed from a specific combination of elements in a fixed ratio. Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means but can by chemical
Chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Chemical Bonds A. Covalent bonds Chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared A molecule is a compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds B. Ionic Bonds *Charges Electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology
The elements identified as metals tend to donate electrons. Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Some atoms tend to donate or accept electrons more easily than other atoms. The elements identified as metals tend to donate electrons. The elements identified as nonmetals tend to accept electrons.
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Most ionic compounds are crystalline at room temperature and have higher melting points than molecular compounds formed by covalent bonds.
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds C. van der Waals Forces When molecules come close together, the attractive forces between slightly positive and negative regions pull on the molecules and hold them together. The strength of the attraction depends on the size of the molecule, its shape, and its ability to attract electrons.
IV. Reactants and Products Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions IV. Reactants and Products A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. Clues that a chemical reaction has taken place include the production of heat or light, and formation of a gas, liquid, or solid.
Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow. Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations Chemical formulas describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change. Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow. Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow.
Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.
Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions I. Balanced Equations The law of conservation of mass states matter cannot be created or destroyed. The number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side.
Steps for balancing (1-6): 1. write the equation and separate in half 2. assess how many of each element are on each side 3. start putting coefficients in front to try to obtain equal amounts on each side 4. coefficients are multiplied with subscripts
5. if it is a compound, coefficients apply to each part 6. check each part to ensure eqn is balanced **Sample problems!!!
Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions II. Energy Diagrams The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.
Exo=exit; releases heat energy. Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions A. Exothermic Exo=exit; releases heat energy. The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.
Endo=in; absorbed heat energy. (takes in) Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions B. Endothermic Endo=in; absorbed heat energy. (takes in) The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.
III. Enzymes=Catalysts Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions III. Enzymes=Catalysts A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. It does not increase how much product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts.
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates. Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates. The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site. * Lock and Key model or puzzle piece!!
Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex, which helps chemical bonds in the reactants to be broken and new bonds to form. Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity.
Section 2 Chemistry in Biology
Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles. Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions I. Water’s Polarity Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called polar molecules. Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles. A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom.
Water and Solutions Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Enzyme-Controlled Reactions
A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions II. Types of solutions: A. Homogenous Mixtures A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout 1. solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved. 2. solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
B. Heterogeneous Mixtures Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions B. Heterogeneous Mixtures In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct. Examples: ?? Come up with 2!
III. Acids and Bases and pH Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions III. Acids and Bases and pH A. Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water are called acids. B. Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water are called bases.
The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH. Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions C. pH The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH. Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7. Basic solutions have pH values higher than 7.
Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions D. Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range.
The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life I. Organic Chemistry The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. Organic chemists study anything containing carbon
The Building Blocks of Life Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life *Arrangement types: Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level. (valence electrons) One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life II. Macromolecules Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.
**Most abundant elements found in living organsisms: C,H,N, O, P, S (sometimes)
A. Carbohydrates= “E givers” Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life A. Carbohydrates= “E givers” Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—(CH2O)n
Saccharides=sugars (add prefixes for #) Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Saccharides=sugars (add prefixes for #) Values of n ranging from three to seven are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide. Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides.
B. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)= “E storers” Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life B. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)= “E storers” Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen *Lipids in our body: consumable (food), phospholipids and steroids Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats. (s for saturated=s for single bond Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats. Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.
“bad fats” versus “good fats” Saturated unsaturated Single bonds double bonds Solid at room temp liquid at room temp Clogs arteries lowers cholesterol
C. Proteins (transport substances, support, etc) Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life C. Proteins (transport substances, support, etc) A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids (contain N) Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds (aa’s together form aa chains)
*Proteins are involved in nearly all of the functions in our body! Structure-hair, nails, muscles Communication-signaling and transporting “messages”
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Amino acid chains are large structures. *Folded so they fit in small areas The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R).
The Building Blocks of Life D. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life D. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.
Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chemistry in Biology Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.
Which of the following particles is negatively charged? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which of the following particles is negatively charged? electron isotope neutron proton A B C D CDQ 1
Isotopes are created by a change in the Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Isotopes are created by a change in the number of what particle of an atom? electrons neutrons protons ions A B C D CDQ 2
Identify the proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions. Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Identify the proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions. substrates enzymes ions reactants A B C D CDQ 3
What particles are in an atom’s nucleus? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions What particles are in an atom’s nucleus? neutrons and electrons protons and electrons protons and neutrons A B C FQ 1
What causes the overall charge of an atom to be zero? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions What causes the overall charge of an atom to be zero? an equal number of protons and neutrons an equal number of protons and electrons an equal number of neutrons and electrons A B C FQ 2
What type of substance is water? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions What type of substance is water? a compound an element an isotope a mixture A B C D FQ 3
What provides the energy for all living processes? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions What provides the energy for all living processes? chemical bonds ionic compounds radioactive isotopes van der Waals forces A B C D FQ 4
Which is a chemical reaction? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions Which is a chemical reaction? a match burning salt dissolving water boiling gasoline evaporating A B C D FQ 5
A B Which chemical reaction is endothermic? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions Which chemical reaction is endothermic? A B FQ 6
How does an enzyme increase the rate of a chemical reaction? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions How does an enzyme increase the rate of a chemical reaction? It acts as a reactant. It reduces the amount of heat produced. It increases the amount of product. It lowers the activation energy. A B C D FQ 7
What occurs at the active site in the enzyme substrate complex? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions What occurs at the active site in the enzyme substrate complex? An exothermic chemical reaction takes place. Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. The enzyme gets used up in the reaction. The substrates provide energy for the enzyme. A B C D FQ 8
Why is water able to dissolve a wide variety of solutes? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions Why is water able to dissolve a wide variety of solutes? It acts as a catalyst. Its pH is neutral. It is a polar molecule. It is an ionic compound. A B C D FQ 9
What type of bonds attracts water molecules Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions What type of bonds attracts water molecules to each other and to other substances? covalent bonds double bonds hydrogen bonds ionic bonds A B C D FQ 10
Which ion, when released in water, causes a solution to be basic? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions Which ion, when released in water, causes a solution to be basic? Cl– OH– H+ Na+ A B C D FQ 11
What is the name for a substance that keeps Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions What is the name for a substance that keeps the pH in cells within the 6.5 to 7.5 pH range? alkali antacid buffer neutralizer A B C D FQ 12
Which element do almost all biological molecules contain? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions Which element do almost all biological molecules contain? carbon nitrogen phosphorus sodium A B C D FQ 13
How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms? 1 2 4 8 A B C D FQ 14
What type of biological molecule is an enzyme? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions What type of biological molecule is an enzyme? hormone nucleic acid protein steroid A B C D FQ 15
What are fats, oils, and waxes composed of? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions What are fats, oils, and waxes composed of? lipids nucleotides polypeptides sugars A B C D FQ 16
What are the monomers that make up proteins? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions What are the monomers that make up proteins? amino acids fatty acids glycerols nucleotides A B C D FQ 17
Which biological molecule transports substances between cells? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions Which biological molecule transports substances between cells? carbohydrate lipid nucleic acid protein A B C D FQ 18
Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Assessment Questions ? Look at the following figure. Determine what the upward curve represents. activation energy reactants products enzymes A B C D CAQ 1
Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the energy levels in the atom. What is the maximum number of electrons energy level two can hold? 2 4 6 8 A B C D CAQ 2
Explain why chemical equations must be balanced. Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Assessment Questions Explain why chemical equations must be balanced. Answer: Chemical reactions require balance of mass. Therefore, the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side. CAQ 3
Which is a result of van der Waals forces? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which is a result of van der Waals forces? atoms sharing electrons table salt dissolving in water ionic compounds forming crystals water molecules forming droplets A B C D STP 1
What is true of this chemical reaction? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice What is true of this chemical reaction? Energy is not needed to start the chemical reaction. Heat and/or light energy are released in this reaction. The activation energy is greater than the energy released. The energy of the products and the reactants is the same. A B C D STP 2
Which fruit contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which fruit contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions? tomatoes bananas A B C D STP 3
What do cellulose and chitin have in common? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice What do cellulose and chitin have in common? They are energy-storing polymers. They are found in the cells of animals. They are structural polysaccharides. They are composed of repeating sucrose units. A B C D STP 4
Which polysaccharide stores energy in muscle and liver tissue? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which polysaccharide stores energy in muscle and liver tissue? gluten glycogen starch sucrolose A B C D STP 5
What is the function of this biological macromolecule? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice What is the function of this biological macromolecule? communicate signals between cells produce vitamins and hormones provide support and protection store and transmit genetic information A B C D STP 6
Which is a characteristic of all lipids? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which is a characteristic of all lipids? They are saturated triglycerides. They do not dissolve in water. They are liquid at room temperature. They store less energy than carbohydrates. A B C D STP 7
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Section 1 Vocabulary atom nucleus proton neutron electron element Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 1 atom nucleus proton neutron electron element isotope compound covalent bond molecule ion ionic bond van der Waals force
Section 2 Vocabulary chemical reaction reactant product Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 2 chemical reaction reactant product activation energy catalyst enzyme substrate active site
Section 3 Vocabulary polar molecule hydrogen bond mixture solution Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 3 polar molecule hydrogen bond mixture solution solvent solute acid base pH buffer
Section 4 Vocabulary macromolecule polymer carbohydrate lipid protein Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 4 macromolecule polymer carbohydrate lipid protein amino acid nucleic acid nucleotide
Visualizing Properties of Water Polypeptides Chapter Chemistry in Biology Animation Ionic Bonds Enzymes Visualizing Properties of Water Polypeptides
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Chapter Chemistry in Biology
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