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Chemistry in Biology Section 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Section 2: Chemical Reactions Section 3: Water and Solutions Section 4: The Building Blocks of Life
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Chemistry is the study of matter.
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Atoms Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are the smallest part of an element that contains all of the properties of that element. Protons are positively charged particles. Neutrons are particles that have no charge.
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Electrons are negatively charged particles
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Parts of an atom Protons are positively charged particles and have mass. Neutrons are particles that have no charge and have mass. Neutrons and protons are located in the nucleus, which is the center of the atom. Electrons are negatively charged particles
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Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located energy levels outside the nucleus, or otherwise known as the electron cloud.
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Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds The Periodic Table of Elements Horizontal rows are called periods. Vertical columns are called groups.
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Using the periodic table
The period number tell you how many energy levels the atom has. Atomic number- number of protons in an atom. Elements on the periodic table are arranged by their atomic number.
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Using the periodic table
Mass Number: total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Calculated by averaging isotopes. Calculate # of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number
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Electrons for each energy level are determined by the equation 2n2
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Electrons for each energy level are determined by the equation 2n2 ānā is the energy level`
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There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally.
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Elements An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means. There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally. Each element has a unique name and symbol. 1st letter is always CAPITALIZED If there is a 2nd letter, it is always lower case.
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Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Isotopes Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but have a different number of neutrons
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Radioactive Isotopes-Radioisotopes
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Radioactive Isotopes-Radioisotopes When a nucleus breaks apart, it gives off radiation that can be detected and used for many applications. Used for diagnosing disease, treating disease and various tracers in geology and biology. Ex. Copper-67: When injected with monoclonal antibodies into a cancer patient, helps the antibodies bind to and destroy the tumor.
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A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Compounds A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine Compounds are always formed from a specific combination of elements in a fixed ratio. Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means.
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Chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Chemical Bonds Covalent bonds Chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared Formed by nonmetals binding together A molecule is a compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
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Ions Ions- particles with a positive or negative charge.
Section 1 Section 1 Ions Ions- particles with a positive or negative charge. Can be atoms or compounds What determines charge?
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Ionic Bonds Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Ionic Bonds Electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms. Formed from nonmetals (-) binding with metals(+) Bonds form when one atoms gives extra electron(s) to another atom.
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The elements identified as metals tend to donate electrons.
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Some atoms tend to donate or accept electrons more easily than other atoms. The elements identified as metals tend to donate electrons. The elements identified as nonmetals tend to accept electrons.
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Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Most ionic compounds are crystalline at room temperature and have higher melting points than molecular compounds formed by covalent bonds. Which bond is stronger?
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Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds van der Waals Forces When molecules come close together, the attractive forces between slightly positive and negative regions pull on the molecules and hold them together. The strength of the attraction depends on the size of the molecule, its shape, and its ability to attract electrons.
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Reactants and Products
Section 1 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions Reactants and Products A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. Clues that a chemical reaction has taken place include the production of heat or light, and formation of a gas bubbles, solid called a precipitate and sometimes color change .
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Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.
Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations Chemical formulas describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change. Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow. Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow.
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What metabolic process is this?
Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions Metabolism- the total of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism What metabolic process is this? Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.
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Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions Balanced Equations The law of conservation of mass states matter cannot be created or destroyed. The number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side.
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Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions Energy of Reactions The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.
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This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.
Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy. The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.
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This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.
Section 2 Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy. The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.
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Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles.
Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions Waterās Polarity Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called polar molecules. Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles. A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom.
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Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions
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Are mixtures an example of a chemical or physical change?
Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions Mixtures Mixture- combination of substances in which the individual substances do not change or combine chemically but instead retain their own individual properties. Are mixtures an example of a chemical or physical change?
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A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout
Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions Homogenous Mixtures A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout A solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved. A solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
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Heterogeneous Mixtures
Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions Heterogeneous Mixtures In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct.
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Water and Solutions Acids and Bases
Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions Acids and Bases Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water are called acids. Substances that release hydroxide ions (OHā) when dissolved in water are called bases.
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The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH.
Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions pH and Buffers The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH. Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7. Basic solutions have pH values higher than 7.
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Section 3 Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range.
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The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Organic Chemistry The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.
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The Building Blocks of Life
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level. One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
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Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.
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Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atomā(CH2O)n
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Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide.
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Values of n ranging from three to seven are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide. Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides.
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Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.
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Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats. Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats. Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.
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A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Proteins A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
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Amino acids have a central carbon atom.
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Amino acids have a central carbon atom. One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen. The other three bonds are with an amino group (āNH2), a carboxyl group (āCOOH), and a variable group (āR).
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It does not increase how much product is made and it does not get used
Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions & Enzymes Enzymes A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. It does not increase how much product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts.
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Chemical Reactions & Enzymes
Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions & Enzymes The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates. The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.
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Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions & Enzymes The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex, which helps chemical bonds in the reactants to be broken and new bonds to form.
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Chemical Reactions & Enzymes
Denatured proteins have lost their shape and therefore their ability to function properly Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances/chemicals affect enzyme activity. Large scale changes to these factors will denature proteins
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The Building Blocks of Life
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the proteinās primary structure. After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape by different types of bonding
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The Building Blocks of Life
Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.
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