2. Chemistry of Life

3. Click on a lesson name to select. Chemistry of Life Section 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 2: Water Section 3: Carbon Based Molecules Section 4: Chemical Reactions Section 5: Enzymes

4. Atoms  Chemistry is the study of matter. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds  Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Section 1 Chemistry in Biology  Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom.  Protons are positively charged particles.  Neutrons are particles that have no charge.

5.  Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus. Chemistry in Biology Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1

6. Elements Chemistry in Biology  An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.  There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally.  Each element has a unique name and symbol. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1

7. The Periodic Table of Elements Chemistry in Biology  Horizontal rows are called periods.  Vertical columns are called groups. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1

8. Isotopes Chemistry in Biology  Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but have a different number of neutrons Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1

9. Radioactive Isotopes Chemistry in Biology  When a nucleus breaks apart, it gives off radiation that can be detected and used for many applications. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1 Carbon-14 Radioactive Dating

10. Compounds Chemistry in Biology  A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine  Compounds are always formed from a specific combination of elements in a fixed ratio.  Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical means. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1

11. Chemical Bonds Chemistry in Biology  Covalent bonds  Chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared  A molecule is a compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1

12. Ionic Bonds Chemistry in Biology  Electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1

13. Chemistry in Biology Section 1

14. Chemistry in Biology  The elements identified as metals tend to donate electrons.  The elements identified as nonmetals tend to accept electrons. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Section 1  Some atoms tend to donate or accept electrons more easily than other atoms.

15. Water’s Polarity Water and Solutions Chemistry in Biology  Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called polar molecules.  Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles.  A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and these bonds give water its properties important to living things. Section 2

16. Chemistry in Biology Water and Solutions Section 2

17. Cohesion Attraction of molecules of a substance. Helps water molecules stick together. Surface tension Section 2

18. Adhesion The attraction of molecules of different substances (molecules “stick to” other things) Adhesion helps a plant transport water to leaves from roots. Section 2

19. Chemistry in Biology Homogenous Mixtures  A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout  A solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.  A solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. Water and Solutions Section 2

20. Chemistry in Biology Heterogeneous Mixtures  In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct. Water and Solutions Section 2

21. Chemistry in Biology  Substances that release hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water are called acids.  Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH – ) when dissolved in water are called bases. Acids and Bases Water and Solutions Section 2

22. Chemistry in Biology  The measure of concentration of H + in a solution is called pH.  Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7.  Basic solutions have pH values higher than 7. pH and Buffers Water and Solutions Section 2

23. Chemistry in Biology  Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. Water and Solutions Section 2

24. Organic Chemistry  The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. The Building Blocks of Life Chemistry in Biology Section 3

25. Bulk Elements 1. Required by body in large amounts 2. Make up > 95% human weight 3. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen 96% living matter

26.  Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level which makes its bonding properties unique.  One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. Chemistry in Biology  Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings. The Building Blocks of Life Section 3

27. Macromolecules Chemistry in Biology  Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.  Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.  Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds. The Building Blocks of Life Section 3

28. Chemistry in Biology Carbohydrates  Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—(CH 2 O) n The Building Blocks of Life Section 3

29. Chemistry in Biology  Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide.  Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides. The Building Blocks of Life Section 3  Values of n ranging from three to seven are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides.

30. Carbohydrates a.Carbohydrates provide primary source of energy for cellular activities and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

31. Chemistry in Biology Lipids  Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen  A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.  Animal fats and plant oils are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. The Building Blocks of Life Section 3

32. Chemistry in Biology  Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats.  Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats.  Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats. The Building Blocks of Life Section 3

33. Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Section 3

34. Carbohydrates and Lipids and Energy

35. Chemistry in Biology Proteins  A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids  A chain of amino acids linked together and held by peptide bonds are called polypeptides.  Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. The Building Blocks of Life Section 3

36. Chemistry in Biology  Amino acids have a central carbon atom.  One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen.  The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH 2 ), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R). The Building Blocks of Life Section 3

37. Proteins: a. Proteins have a great variety of functions in the body---build tissues, as certain hormones, as receptors on cell membranes, as antibodies to fight disease, and as enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions and cell processes.

38. Chemistry in Biology  The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure.  After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape, which is the protein’s secondary structure, such as a helix or a pleat. The Building Blocks of Life Section 3

39. Chemistry in Biology  Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.  Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms. The Building Blocks of Life Section 3

40. Reactants and Products  A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances through the breaking or forming of bonds. Chemical Reactions  Clues that a chemical reaction has taken place include the production of heat or light, and formation of a gas, liquid, or solid. Chemistry in Biology Section 4

41. Chemical Equations Chemistry in Biology  Chemical formulas describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change.  Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.  Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow. Chemical Reactions Section 4

42. Bond energy is the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms. Equilibrium is reached when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate.

43.  Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. Chemistry in Biology Chemical Reactions Section 4

44. Chemistry in Biology Balanced Equations  The law of conservation of mass states matter cannot be created or destroyed.  The number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side. Chemical Reactions Section 4

45. Chemistry in Biology  The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. Energy of Reactions Chemical Reactions Section 4

46. Chemistry in Biology  This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.  The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants. Chemical Reactions Section 4

47. Chemistry in Biology  This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.  The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants. Chemical Reactions Section 4

48. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

49. Chemistry in Biology  A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.  Enzymes are biological catalysts.  It does not increase how much product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction. Enzymes Section 5

50. Chemistry in Biology  The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates.  The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site. Enzymes Section 5

51. Chemistry in Biology  Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity. Enzymes Section 5  The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex, which helps chemical bonds in the reactants to be broken and new bonds to form.

52. Chemistry in Biology Section 2

53. Chemistry in Biology Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Chapter Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

54. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 1 A. electron B. isotope C. neutron D. proton Which of the following particles is negatively charged? Chemistry in Biology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter

55. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 2 Chemistry in Biology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter A. electrons B. neutrons C. protons D. ions Isotopes are created by a change in the number of what particle of an atom?

56. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 3 Chemistry in Biology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter A. substrates B. enzymes C. ions D. reactants Identify the proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.

57. 1.A 2.B 3.C FQ 1 Chemistry in Biology A. neutrons and electrons B. protons and electrons C. protons and neutrons What particles are in an atom’s nucleus? Section 1 Formative Questions Chapter

58. 1.A 2.B 3.C FQ 2 Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions A. an equal number of protons and neutrons B. an equal number of protons and electrons C. an equal number of neutrons and electrons What causes the overall charge of an atom to be zero? Chapter

59. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 3 Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions A. a compound B. an element C. an isotope D. a mixture What type of substance is water? Chapter

60. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 4 Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions A. chemical bonds B. ionic compounds C. radioactive isotopes D. van der Waals forces What provides the energy for all living processes? Chapter

61. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 5 Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions A. a match burning B. salt dissolving C. water boiling D. gasoline evaporating Which is a chemical reaction? Chapter

62. 1.A 2.B FQ 6 Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions Which chemical reaction is endothermic? A. B. Chapter

63. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 7 Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions A. It acts as a reactant. B. It reduces the amount of heat produced. C. It increases the amount of product. D. It lowers the activation energy. How does an enzyme increase the rate of a chemical reaction? Chapter

64. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 8 Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions What occurs at the active site in the enzyme substrate complex? A.An exothermic chemical reaction takes place. B.Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. C.The enzyme gets used up in the reaction. D.The substrates provide energy for the enzyme. Chapter

65. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 9 Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions A. It acts as a catalyst. B. Its pH is neutral. C. It is a polar molecule. D. It is an ionic compound. Why is water able to dissolve a wide variety of solutes? Chapter

66. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 10 Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions A. covalent bonds B. double bonds C. hydrogen bonds D. ionic bonds What type of bonds attracts water molecules to each other and to other substances? Chapter

67. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 11 Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions A. Cl – B. OH – C. H + D. Na + Which ion, when released in water, causes a solution to be basic? Chapter

68. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 12 Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions A. alkali B. antacid C. buffer D. neutralizer What is the name for a substance that keeps the pH in cells within the 6.5 to 7.5 pH range? Chapter

69. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 13 Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions A. carbon B. nitrogen C. phosphorus D. sodium Which element do almost all biological molecules contain? Chapter

70. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 14 Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8 How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms? Chapter

71. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 15 Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions A. hormone B. nucleic acid C. protein D. steroid What type of biological molecule is an enzyme? Chapter

72. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 16 Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions A. lipids B. nucleotides C. polypeptides D. sugars What are fats, oils, and waxes composed of? Chapter

73. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 17 Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions A. amino acids B. fatty acids C. glycerols D. nucleotides What are the monomers that make up proteins? Chapter

74. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 18 Chemistry in Biology A. carbohydrate B. lipid C. nucleic acid D. protein Which biological molecule transports substances between cells? Section 4 Formative Questions Chapter

75. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 1 Chemistry in Biology Chapter A. activation energy B. reactants C. products D. enzymes Look at the following figure. Determine what the upward curve represents. Chapter Assessment Questions ?

76. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 2 Chemistry in Biology Chapter Chapter Assessment Questions A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8 Look at the energy levels in the atom. What is the maximum number of electrons energy level two can hold?

77. Explain why chemical equations must be balanced. Chemistry in Biology Answer: Chemical reactions require balance of mass. Therefore, the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side. Chapter Assessment Questions Chapter CAQ 3

78. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 1 Chemistry in Biology Chapter A. atoms sharing electrons B. table salt dissolving in water C. ionic compounds forming crystals D. water molecules forming droplets Which is a result of van der Waals forces? Standardized Test Practice

79. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 2 Chemistry in Biology Chapter What is true of this chemical reaction? A. Energy is not needed to start the chemical reaction. B. Heat and/or light energy are released in this reaction. C. The activation energy is greater than the energy released. D. The energy of the products and the reactants is the same. Standardized Test Practice

80. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 3 Chemistry in Biology Chapter Standardized Test Practice A. tomatoes B. bananas Which fruit contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions?

81. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 4 Chemistry in Biology Chapter Standardized Test Practice What do cellulose and chitin have in common? A.They are energy-storing polymers. B.They are found in the cells of animals. C.They are structural polysaccharides. D.They are composed of repeating sucrose units.

82. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 5 Chemistry in Biology Chapter Standardized Test Practice A. gluten B. glycogen C. starch D. sucrolose Which polysaccharide stores energy in muscle and liver tissue?

83. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 6 Chemistry in Biology Chapter Standardized Test Practice What is the function of this biological macromolecule? A. communicate signals between cells B. produce vitamins and hormones C. provide support and protection D. store and transmit genetic information

84. 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 7 Chemistry in Biology Chapter Standardized Test Practice Which is a characteristic of all lipids? A.They are saturated triglycerides. B.They do not dissolve in water. C.They are liquid at room temperature. D.They store less energy than carbohydrates.

85. Chemistry in Biology Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter

86. Chemistry in Biology Image Bank Chapter

87. Chemistry in Biology Image Bank Chapter

88. atom nucleus proton neutron electron element isotope compound covalent bond molecule ion ionic bond van der Waals force Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 1

89. chemical reaction reactant product activation energy catalyst enzyme substrate active site Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 2

90. polar molecule hydrogen bond mixture solution solvent solute acid base pH buffer Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 3

91. macromolecule polymer carbohydrate lipid protein amino acid nucleic acid nucleotide Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 4

92.  Ionic Bonds Ionic Bonds  Enzymes Enzymes  Visualizing Properties of Water Visualizing Properties of Water  Polypeptides Polypeptides Chemistry in Biology Animation Chapter

93. Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6

94. Chemistry in Biology Chapter

95. Chemistry in Biology Chapter

96. Chemistry in Biology Chapter