Cell Unit Learning Goal 2: Describe cell organelles and their functions within the cell.

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Cell Organelles © J Beauchemin 2006

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Presentation transcript:

Cell Unit Learning Goal 2: Describe cell organelles and their functions within the cell.

Prokaryotic Cells Believed to be the first cells to evolve. Lack a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Genetic material is naked in the cytoplasm Ribosomes are only organelle.

Eukaryotic Cells “True nucleus”; contained in a membrane bound structure. Membrane bound organelles. Thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Cell Size of the Cell http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/ Cell Structure http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/

Cell Wall The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell. Found in plant and prokaryotic cells. Formed from cellulose molecules.

Cell Membrane Layer of phospho-lipids and proteins that separates cytoplasm from external environment. Regulates flow of material in and out of cell. Selectively permeable to allow substances to pass into and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm Location of growth, metabolism, and replication. Is a gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures.

Ribosomes Translate the genetic code to assemble proteins. Found attached to the Rough endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm.

Ribosome

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough E.R. Network of continuous tubes, studded with ribosomes. Manufactures, processes, and transports proteins for export from cell. Continuous with nuclear envelope.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth E.R. Similar in appearance to rough ER, but without the ribosomes. Contains a collection of enzymes that perform specialized tasks.

Lysosome Single membrane bound structure. Found mostly in animal cells. Contains digestive enzymes that break down cellular waste, old cell parts, and nutrients for use by the cell.

Lysosome

Golgi Apparatus (Complex) Modifies, sort, and package proteins and lipids made by the ER.

Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondria Membrane bound organelles that are the site of cellular respiration (ATP production) Powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria

Nucleus Double membrane-bound control center of cell. Brain of the cell. Contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA.

Nucleus

Parts of the nucleus: Chromatin - genetic material of cell in its non-dividing state. Chromosomes – Condensed chromatin ready for cell division. Figure 2: Different levels of DNA condensation. (1) Double-strand DNA. (2) Chromatin strand (DNA with histones). (3) Chromatin during interphase with centromere. (4) Condensed chromatin during prophase. (Two copies of the DNA molecule are now present) (5) Chromosome during metaphase.

Parts of the nucleus: Nucleolus - dark-staining structure in the nucleus that plays a role in making ribosomes Nuclear envelope - double membrane structure that separates nucleus from cytoplasm.

Centrioles Found only in animal cells. Self-replicating Made of bundles of microtubules. Help in organizing cell division.

Cytoskeleton Solid rods of globular proteins. cytoskeleton offers support to cell structure.

Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Section 7-2 Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion

Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Membrane bound structure. Contains chlorophyll

Chloroplast

Vacuole Store water and nutrients needed by the cell. Help support the shape of the cell. Plants have a large central vacuole. Other types of cells have a much smaller vacuole.

Animal Vacuole

Plant Cell Vacuole

Animal Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 (attached) Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth Mitochondrion Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) (attached) Animal Cell

Plant Cell Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell

Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum Venn Diagrams Section 7-2 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Contain DNA Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Centrioles

Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Http://:micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/html