Deforming the Earth’s Crust

Deformation Deformation: process by which a rock changes shape due to _______ stress

Stress  causes ________ and _________ 1. Compression: type of stress that occurs when an object is _______________ – Occurs at ____________ plate boundaries 2. ________: type of stress that occurs when rock is stretched/pulled – Occurs at __________ plate boundaries folding faulting squeezed/pushed convergent Tension divergent

Stress 3. Shear: type of stress that occurs when objects slide past each other (rubbing) –Occurs at ___________ plate boundaries transform

Folding Folding: the ________of rock layers due to stress 1. __________: upward arching fold 2. Syncline: __________ trough like fold 3. Monocline: both ends of fold are __________ bending Anticline downward horizontal

1. ______________________ 2. _____________________ 3. _______________________

1. Syncline 2. Anticline 3. Monocline

Faulting Fault: a ________in a body of rock along which one _____slides relative to the other _____________ are common along fault lines In non-vertical faults, the fault is at an ______, which creates a _____________and ________ break block Earthquakes angle hanging wall footwall

1. Normal Fault: the hanging wall moves _______compared to the footwall – _________stress occurs 2. __________ Fault: the hanging wall moves up compared to the footwall – _______________stress occurs down Tension Reverse Compression

Normal and Reverse Faults A. ____________________________ B. ___________________________

Normal and Reverse Faults A. Normal Fault B. Reverse Fault

3. Strike-Slip Fault: the break in the rock is _______, but the rocks move __________ – Example: ______________Fault in California – Shear stress – NOTE: This type of fault does NOT create a footwall or hanging wall because the break in the rock is not at an angle vertical horizontal San Andreas

Birds-Eye View

San Andreas Fault

PictureType of FaultType of StressType of Boundary

PictureType of FaultType of StressType of Boundary Reverse Fault Strike Slip Fault Normal Fault Compression Shear Tension Convergent Transform Divergent

Mountain Building 1. Folded Mountains: Formed at convergent plate boundaries – Highest, Smooth – Ex: Appalachian, Andes, Alps, Himalayas

ALPS

APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

ANDES MOUNTAINS

HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

2. Fault-Block Mountains: Formed at divergent boundaries – Sharp, jagged peaks – At a fault, block of rocks drops down – Ex: Grand Tetons, Sierra Nevada

SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS

GRAND TETON MOUNTAINS

3. Volcanic Mountains: Formed at convergent boundaries – Eruption and cooling of magma – Creates islands – Ex: Mt. Kea, Mt. Loa, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Pinatubo

MT. MAUNA KEA

MT. MAUNA LOA

MT. PINATUBO

MT. ST. HELEN