Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Biology

The Essential Building Blocks of Life Just like water is a molecule, there are other molecules important to life. Just like water is a molecule, there are other molecules important to life. Four organic (contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) molecules make up living organisms: Four organic (contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) molecules make up living organisms:

The Essential Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: –Made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen at a 1:2:1 ratio (example: glucose is C 6 h 12 O 6 ). –Most carbohydrates are used for ____ for organisms. –Some are used to store energy to be used later (like _____ found in plants and some algae). –Some are used in structure such as ____ found in the exoskeletons of some animals (like crabs, lobsters and shrimp) or ____ found in plant cell walls.

The Essential Building Blocks of Life Proteins: Proteins: –Composed of smaller units known as ____ –____ are specialized proteins necessary for chemical reactions in an organism –Some proteins are ____ that act as chemical messengers within an organism –Others can be used in structure, immunity, and internal transport among other duties

The Essential Building Blocks of Life Lipids: Lipids: –Lipids are mainly hydrophobic (____) – remember the saying that oil and water don’t mix. –Due to this principle, many marine organisms use a coating of lipid to cover fur or feathers which provides an insulating layer. –Some also have a layer of ____ underneath the skin for insulation. –Many lipids are used for _____ storage within an organism. –They can also be used for internal structure or as hormones.

The Essential Building Blocks of Life Nucleic Acids: Nucleic Acids: –Made of smaller units called _____. –____ and ___ are nucleic acids. –DNA is the molecule of heredity; it provides the instructions for making every part of an organism. Parts are made of ____ –RNA helps with this duty in multiple ways.

Energy and Life Many organisms use sunlight to drive the process of photosynthesis. Many organisms use sunlight to drive the process of photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, plants, algae and other autotrophs use pigments to capture the energy in sunlight. In photosynthesis, plants, algae and other autotrophs use pigments to capture the energy in sunlight. This energy is used to build carbohydrates. This energy is used to build carbohydrates. What is basic chemical reaction for photosyntheis?

Energy and Life Whether an organism makes their own carbohydrates (____trophs) or gets carbohydrates by eating other organisms (____trophs), they still must break down the carbohydrates within their cells for energy. Whether an organism makes their own carbohydrates (____trophs) or gets carbohydrates by eating other organisms (____trophs), they still must break down the carbohydrates within their cells for energy. This process is known as cellular respiration. This process is known as cellular respiration. What is the basic chemical reaction for cellular respiration?

Energy and Life Some of the carbohydrates made by photosynthetic organisms are converted into other types of molecules such as: Some of the carbohydrates made by photosynthetic organisms are converted into other types of molecules such as: –Proteins –Lipids –Nucleic acids

Energy and Life When these autotrophs make more energy than they can use, the excess is called primary production When these autotrophs make more energy than they can use, the excess is called primary production Organisms responsible for this primary production are called primary producers Organisms responsible for this primary production are called primary producers Marine organisms are a major source of worldwide primary production Marine organisms are a major source of worldwide primary production

Energy and Life Marine organisms require nutrients to convert carbohydrates to other types of molecules Marine organisms require nutrients to convert carbohydrates to other types of molecules These nutrients can include minerals, vitamins and even raw elements These nutrients can include minerals, vitamins and even raw elements Ex: silica is required to make the shell of some organisms Ex: silica is required to make the shell of some organisms

Types of Organisms All living organisms can be divided into two basic groups based on cellular composition: All living organisms can be divided into two basic groups based on cellular composition: 1.Pro____ 2.

Types of Organisms Prokaryotic Organisms: Prokaryotic Organisms: –Lack a ____ –Posses ribosomes –Contain a circular ring of ____ –Some may also have plasmids, extra pieces of DNA –Cell wall is normally present –May have a flagellum –Unicellular

Types of Organisms Eukaryotic Organisms Eukaryotic Organisms –Possess DNA enclosed inside a _____ –Posses many specialized organelles (look at organelles in Fig. 4.8) –Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular or multicellular

Example Organelles in Eukaryotic Organisms Mitochondria- site of ____ Mitochondria- site of ____ Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum- manufacture, package and transport cellular products such as ____ Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum- manufacture, package and transport cellular products such as ____ Ribosomes- manufacture ____ Ribosomes- manufacture ____ Chloroplasts- site of ____ Chloroplasts- site of ____ Vacuole- storage of water and nutrients Vacuole- storage of water and nutrients Centrioles- assist in movement of ____ during cellular reproduction Centrioles- assist in movement of ____ during cellular reproduction

Levels of Organization in Living Organisms Atom – fundamental unit of all matter Atom – fundamental unit of all matter ____ – two or more atoms chemically joined together ____ – two or more atoms chemically joined together

Levels of Organization in Living Organisms Organelle – specialized features of cells Organelle – specialized features of cells Cell – basic unit of life Cell – basic unit of life

Levels of Organization in Living Organisms ____ – group of cells functioning as a unit ____ – group of cells functioning as a unit ____ – many tissues arranged into a structure with a specific purpose in an organism ____ – many tissues arranged into a structure with a specific purpose in an organism

Levels of Organization in Living Organisms ____ – group of organs that work together ____ – group of organs that work together Whole organism (individual) Whole organism (individual)

Levels of Organization in Living Organisms ____ – group of organisms of the same species occurring in same habitat ____ – group of organisms of the same species occurring in same habitat

Levels of Organization in Living Organisms ____ – all species that exist in a particular habitat (ex: all the organisms on a coral reef) ____ – all species that exist in a particular habitat (ex: all the organisms on a coral reef) ____ – combination of the community and the physical environment ____ – combination of the community and the physical environment

Diffusion and Osmosis Solutes (substances dissolved in water) will move from areas where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated is called ____ Solutes (substances dissolved in water) will move from areas where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated is called ____ Movement of water from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated is called ____ Movement of water from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated is called ____

Diffusion and Osmosis Since marine organisms live in a very solute-rich environment, they have a tendency to gain solutes and lose water Since marine organisms live in a very solute-rich environment, they have a tendency to gain solutes and lose water This can result in the death of cells if the water loss/solute gain is significant This can result in the death of cells if the water loss/solute gain is significant These organisms must find ways to deal with this diffusion and osmosis These organisms must find ways to deal with this diffusion and osmosis

Regulation of Solute/Water Balance Osmoconformers- Osmoconformers- –Do not attempt to control solute/water balance –Their internal concentration varies as the salinity in the water around them changes –Most can only tolerate a very narrow range of salinity

Regulation of Solute/Water Balance Osmoregulators Osmoregulators –These organisms control their internal concentrations –Can generally tolerate a wider range of salinities than osmoconformers –This can be done in a variety of ways such as secreting very little urine or using specialized glands to secrete salts as examples

-marine fish drink sea water and secrete as little urine as possible; whereas freshwater fish refrain from drinking water and secrete large amounts of dilute urine

Temperature Control

Modes of Reproduction Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction –Does not involve mating of two individuals –Young are produce by a ____ parent organism –The young produced are genetically ____ to the parent –Examples of single-celled organisms: Binary fission in bacteria and mitosis in algae

Mitosis in a dinoflagellate

Modes of Reproduction Examples of Asexual Reproduction in multicellular organisms: Examples of Asexual Reproduction in multicellular organisms: –Budding – the organism develops buds (small clones) that eventually break off and become another organism Ex. Mushroom coral –Vegetative reproduction – a plant reproduces new individuals by sending an underground stem (rhizome) from which new plants will sprout Ex. Seagrass

Mushroom coralSeagrass

Modes of Reproduction Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction –Normally involves ____ individuals –Hermaphrodites – individuals that have both male and female reproductive tissues –Parent individuals produce gametes (eggs or sperm) that unite to produce a new, genetically unique individual –____ are the organs that produce eggs –____ are the organs that produce sperm

Modes of Reproduction Many marine organisms release their eggs and sperm directly into the water, this is known as broadcast spawning. Many marine organisms release their eggs and sperm directly into the water, this is known as broadcast spawning. For broadcast spawning to be effective, millions of gametes must be released into the water at roughly the same time to ensure fertilization will occur For broadcast spawning to be effective, millions of gametes must be released into the water at roughly the same time to ensure fertilization will occur Many broadcast spawning species time the release of their eggs to tides, moon phase, water temperature, etc. to ensure success Many broadcast spawning species time the release of their eggs to tides, moon phase, water temperature, etc. to ensure success

Modes of Reproduction Other marine organisms rely on internal fertilization, where a copulatory organ is used to insert sperm directly into the female’s reproductive tract Other marine organisms rely on internal fertilization, where a copulatory organ is used to insert sperm directly into the female’s reproductive tract This method requires contact between parent individuals, but less gametes are required for success This method requires contact between parent individuals, but less gametes are required for success

Evolution and Natural Selection ____ is defined as a change in the genetic make-up of a population over time ____ is defined as a change in the genetic make-up of a population over time In the wild, any genetically derived traits (such as faster swimming or above- average intelligence) can give one individual survival advantage over others in his/her population. In the wild, any genetically derived traits (such as faster swimming or above- average intelligence) can give one individual survival advantage over others in his/her population.

Evolution and Natural Selection These advantages can be translated into reproductive advantage as well. These advantages can be translated into reproductive advantage as well. If one organism is better survivor, more of their gametes will make it into the next generation in a population. If one organism is better survivor, more of their gametes will make it into the next generation in a population. Those individuals that are less advantaged may not survive to reproduce or will reproduce less. Those individuals that are less advantaged may not survive to reproduce or will reproduce less. This is known as ____. This is known as ____.

Evolution and Natural Selection Natural selection therefore strengthens the gene pool of a species by ____ less advantageous traits through lack (or reduction) of reproductive events in these individuals. Natural selection therefore strengthens the gene pool of a species by ____ less advantageous traits through lack (or reduction) of reproductive events in these individuals.

Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming organisms. Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming organisms. This classification is done by a variety of methods including DNA and protein analysis, comparing embryos, looking at the fossil record and comparing internal and external body structures. This classification is done by a variety of methods including DNA and protein analysis, comparing embryos, looking at the fossil record and comparing internal and external body structures.

Taxonomy Taxonomy uses several levels of classification shown below from the largest (most species inclusive) to the smallest (only one species): Taxonomy uses several levels of classification shown below from the largest (most species inclusive) to the smallest (only one species): Domain  ___  Phylum  ____  Order  Family  ____  Species Domain  ___  Phylum  ____  Order  Family  ____  Species

Taxonomy There can be millions of different organisms in a domain or kingdom, while a species by definition is just one type of organism. There can be millions of different organisms in a domain or kingdom, while a species by definition is just one type of organism. So, what defines a species? Common characteristics and often the ability to breed successfully with other members of their species (____ species concept) So, what defines a species? Common characteristics and often the ability to breed successfully with other members of their species (____ species concept) For example, there are 7 species of flounder (fish) that exist in the southeast U.S. No matter how much they look alike, they cannot breed with each other and produce viable (functionally reproductive) offspring (reproductive isolation). For example, there are 7 species of flounder (fish) that exist in the southeast U.S. No matter how much they look alike, they cannot breed with each other and produce viable (functionally reproductive) offspring (reproductive isolation).

Phylogenetics Phylogenetics is defined as the study of evolutionary relationships (relatedness) in organisms. Phylogenetics is defined as the study of evolutionary relationships (relatedness) in organisms. Biologists may use many factors to determine the relatedness of organisms such as structure, reproductive patterns, embryological or larval development, fossils, behavior or DNA/RNA. Biologists may use many factors to determine the relatedness of organisms such as structure, reproductive patterns, embryological or larval development, fossils, behavior or DNA/RNA.