MASSMUS Guidelines for Assessing MUS in Irrigation Systems Daniel Renault Senior Officer Land and Water Division FAO MUS Network Meeting November 2010 The Hague

The MASSCOTE Guidelines Family for Auditing Irrigation Management: MASSCOTE Mapping System and Service for Canal Operation Technique.

MASSLIS for Lift Irrigation System MASSPRES for Pressurized systems (under development).

MASSMUS for Multiple Uses of Water !!

1> MUS is not marginal this is the norm SUS are marginal !! [FAO survey of 30 systems only 2 are Single uses] Major Advances for MUS (last 3 years) 2> MUS is better understood within the IWRM framework principles and concepts. 3> MUS is better conceptualized !!

Household Community System Dom MUS Increase the pipe Com MUS Provision Regulating Supporting Cultural Irrigation MUS Multiply the pipes Managing flows & streams Domestic Garden livestock Enterprise Ecosystem

MASSMUS Guidelines The guidelines = RAPMUS-Sheet ; FAO IDP Report ; Set of lectures. Document completed. Available as pdf. to be published early Applications: Naryanpur India – Vietnam BHH – China Shanxi FID Next: Western Delta Krishna India - China South.

(1) RAP (2) CAPACITY & SENSITIVITY (3) PERTURBATIONS (4) WATER SHARES and BENEFITS (5) COST of OPERATION (6) USERS & SERVICE TO USERS (7) MANAGEMENT UNITS (8) DEMAND for OPERATION (9) OPERATION IMPROVEMENTS/UNITS (10) INTEGRATING SOM OPTIONS (11) PLAN FOR MODERNIZATION and MONITORING & EVALUATION (0) WATER SERVICES VISION OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND FUTURE SCENARIO BUILDING

Conceptualization of MUS in large irrigation systems Irrigated agriculture supply water to the natural ecosystems: irrigation practice provides/supports ecosystems services Productive-plus = ecosystem services provider

Provisioning of servicesSupporting Services Domestic water Food and fiber (irrigation) Water for cattle Transportation Hydropower Environmental flows Fuel (natural vegetation) Biochemicals and natural medicines Raw materials for construction Groundwater recharge Support to fishing Support to natural ecosystems and wildlife (biodiversity) Soil formation Soil conservation Regulating ServicesCultural services Sanitation and wastewater treatment Flood protection Cooling effect on habitats Erosion control Social functions linked to the infrastructure and management Recreation and Tourism Cultural heritage values and landscape (ex. terrace system) Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) Grid to group ecosystem services

MUS ? in large irrigation systems Service Providers Direct Service Service Receivers Service Providers Service Beneficiaries ECO-SYSTEM ServiceEcosystem Services Direct path Indirect path Provisional services All types of services Service domain considered

Command area considered from a bio-physical perspective as an agro-ecosystem providing critical ecosystem services to people A dynamic organic relationship between provider and users of services. In short a business service model intervening on a large ecosystem serving multiple uses

Defining services in practice ? Domestic from WHO and UNICEF (Howard and Bartram, 2003) assessment in which they estimated that “one-sixth of humanity (1.1 billion people) lacked access to any form of improved water supply within 1 kilometre of their home”. Type of improved and unimproved water supply according to the JMP. Improved Water supplyUnimproved water supply Piped into dwelling, plot or yard Public tap/standpipe Tube well/borehole Protected dug well Protected spring Rainwater collection Unprotected dug well Unprotected spring Cart with small tank/drum Tanker truck Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation canal) Bottled water

STEP 1 RAP First question: Degree of MUS ? One answer is number of MUS reported Irrigation Flood control Drainage Domestic Environment Industry Recreational....

India Karnataka: domestic uses India Karnataka: animals and laundry

Urban uses of irrigation water Urban parks in Taiyuan city Urban wetlands in Taiyuan city

Indicator value Management attitude 0Ignoring or denying MUS and/or its magnitude 1Blind eye on MUS practice by users 2Positive marginal practices to support MUS 3Integration of other services concerns into the operation 4Integration of Multiple Uses Services into the management and governance. Second question: integration of MUS in management?

Degree & Integration of MUS 20 systems studied

STEP 2 CAPACITY & SENSIVITY Problems for providing the SERVICES Service? Raw water ? physical Access? Distance to water?

STEP 3 Perturbations

WBC shares per service: Water, Benefit & Cost 100 % Share of water used Share of benefits generated Share of cost of MOM

STEP 4 Sizing MUS: Water & benefit shares WATER ACCOUNTING VALUING WATER

Water shares Quantum of use, especially consumptive use Quality dimension Energy dimension Partitioning of non process–use: ex. evaporation from same water body vs tourism, environment, fisheries, flood protection. Function/service with no consumption (e.g drainage, flood protection)

Characteristic of the Use DefinitionExample of such use ConsumptiveWater leave the system (hydrological cycle) and return to atmosphere Irrigated crops Homestead garden Perennial natural vegetation Non- consumptive Water is not consumed (diverted and used returned after use. Hydro-power Domestic water (recycled) Animals DepletiveWater is depleted from the natural resources Diversion schemes Groundwater Pumping Non depletiveWater is used on its site without any diversion Recreational use in aquasystems Landscape tourism ProcessWater is needed by the associated producing process. Crop growth hydro-power Non processWater consumed is not part of the process, but rather a side effect Fisheries and evaporation from water bodies Tourism, recreational value BeneficialPositive externalitiesGroundwater recharge Non beneficialNo added value. Negative externalities Pollution from agriculture areas.

Ex. FENHE irrigation district Shanxi Province: water balance

Share of benefits Definition of benefits of water service ? Usually benefits = Monetary (gross production) for agriculture ! or any productive activity as electricity, fishery, etc... Domestic ?? Households served for domestic, Environment ??? Jobs for small business,

Critical Issues ? References: building up a database ! Methodology: MASSMUS rapid appraisal for mapping benefits Testing the Valuing methods for in depth MUS studies ?

Ex. FENHE irrigation district Shanxhi Province: Benefits

REFERENCES ? VALUE ($) = 22.5 A^0.36 [A= size in m2] After Renwick et al, 2007

Use/functionEstimator of Benefit Delivery to farmsCrop yields Gross production $/ha irrigated Gross production $/m3 Domestic waterCost paid by service users Estimated cost of an alternative solution Number of capita served Drinking water for cattleValue of annual animal products Number of households Homestead gardenValue generated by the garden Support/recharge to natural surface streams (surface and groundwater) & environment Industry and HydropowerEconomical value generated, employment Tourism, fishing, recreation, wild animals & natural parks Economical value generated, employment Control of vector-born diseases in waterbodies Flood controlPopulation and assets protected Control of drainage return flow TransportQuantum transported Economical value, employment

STEP 5 Share of COST of MOM Specific cost to produce the service. Deliveries, water level, access to water, ensuring a specific function, etc...

Share of COST of MOM Specific costs to produce each service. Services: Water Deliveries - Support to raw water surface – Groundwater recharge – Control of water Investment – Operation – Maintenance

Comparative advantage of MUS Water multi-use: “More DGs per drop”. BUT re- use of water drops is no exclusivity of MUS therefore the specificity of MUS needs to be well documented. Cost-efficiency: “MUS better than Σ SUS” numerous services to a greater number of users with the same infrastructure more cost-effective than achieving the same with single use systems. Provision of extra services: ecosystems services provided by MUS systems for which little or no alternatives exist Externalities: “MUS = positive externalities” YES BUT we should not forget the negative ones !!

STEPS 6 Users and Services to Users

What Services & what Operation Supply water to a delivery point Control water presence in water stream and bodies Control water level in water bodies Control water recharge in surface and groundwater systems Maintain water quality in natural streams Maintain the capacity for storing water and control floods

Service? Raw water ? physical Access? Distance to water?

Access Accessible canal/ drainage/river Permanent surface water body Groundwater access DISTANCE

3 kmMain CanalSecondary Canals Tertiary Canal Drainage Example of zoning around the canal infrastructure for Shahapur Canal – Right blue Main and secondary canals – Left red with tertiary canals considered – Drainage network.

STEP 7 MANAGEMENT Institutional Organization Spatial organisation

STEP 8 DEMAND for OPERATION

STEP 9 IMPROVEMENT

STEP 10 INTEGRATING SOM & MUS