1. Source Sustainability in Drinking Water Schemes: Role of Hydrology National Seminar on “Decentralized Governance in Water & Sanitation Sector in Rural India”, NIAR-LBSNAA, Mussorie, June 26-28, 2012 Dr V C Goyal Head Research Coordination & Management National Institute of Hydrology (Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India) Roorkee-247667 vcg@nih.ernet.invcg@nih.ernet.in; vcgoyal@yahoo.comvcgoyal@yahoo.com

2. Water Supply Systems Resource requirement –Human (education, skills) –Financial (credit, banking services) –Physical (pipes, pumps, dams, spare parts) –Natural (water, land, building materials) –Social (community institutions and organisations)

3. major thrust of the rural water supply programmes is to ensure provision of adequate drinking water supply to the rural communities

4. Drinking Water Security Ultimate aim is to achieve household level drinking water security Integral Components: –Adoption of appropriate technology –revival of traditional systems –conjunctive use of surface and ground water –conservation –rain water harvesting and recharging of drinking water sources

5. Sustainability in DW Schemes a process which facilitates the existing/new drinking water supply projects to provide safe drinking water in adequate quantity, even during distress periods, duly addressing equity, gender, vulnerability, convenience and consumer preference issues, through conjunctive use of groundwater, surface water and roof-water harvesting

6. Elements of Sustainability Source Sustainability: ensuring availability of potable drinking water in adequate quantity throughout the year System Sustainability: optimizing the cost of production of water, devising proper protocol for O&M, capacity building of PRIs and awareness generation Financial Sustainability: proper utilization of funds Social and Environmental Sustainability: proper project management and involvement of all key stakeholders

7. Sustainability Index To assess the sustainability of water sources in habitations (GoI, 2010) 29 parameters under 5 broad aspects: technology aspects, community and social aspects, financial aspects, water quality aspects and training aspects parameters include functionality of source, reliability of source, number of sources with acceptable quality, access to safe water, etc GoI, 2010b. Evaluation Study on Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM), Programme Evaluation Organisation, Planning Commission, New Delhi, 97pp.

8. Hydrologic Concepts Hydrology provides a sound basis for study of the interrelationships and interactions between water and its environment in the hydrologic cycle scientific understanding of the interplay between the SW & GW systems is important in designing sustainable water supply systems Application of a variety of hydrological methods (hydro- geological, chemical, biological, isotope, etc.) provide invaluable information about the source and movement of water in different environments both above and below ground, including rivers, lakes and aquifers provide useful insights into the behaviour of water resources in a project area, improving the capabilities for assessing the quality of existing water supplies and for identifying alternative and sustainable sources of clean drinking water for the future

9. Water in a Watershed Water required for: Drinking Bathing Cleaning Hygene & sanitation Crop production Agro-forestry Industry Recreation Water affects: Habitation Land use Vegetation Soil Biodiversity Natural hazards Economy

10. ‘Four Waters’ for Hydrologic Research Rain Water Surface Water Soil Moisture Ground Water Harvest & Conserve Rain Water Store Surplus Runoff Induce Subsurface Storage Optimal Utilization and Adequate Recharge Jars/tanks Contour bunds Farm tanks Plantations Check dams Gabions Nala bunds Farm ponds Tanks Water ways Base flow H Furrows Mulching Contour bunds Farm tanks Plantations Trenches Recharge pits Ponds/tanks

11. Planning, development and management Raw Water Source Raw Water Pumping Water Treatment Water Distribution Raw Water Storage Role of hydrologic analyses in a typical drinking water project  Water availability (seasonal/annual)  Protection  Catchment treatment  Recharge  Sus. Withdrawal  New sources  Water quality  Technology  Waste management  Water use efficiency  Conservation  Demand management  Recycling & reuse DW Supply Project

12. Way Forward Climate change impacts’ pressure on DWSS Role of hydrology needs to be understood and adequately incorporated while designing and implementing such schemes in India Sustainability in DWSS aided by advanced analysis and modelling techniques & technology CB of users and sensitization of stakeholders Hydrologists should demystify the complex procedures (equations, formulations, modelling, etc) and present the concepts in user friendly forms for effective use by the community