What is the difference between Phylogeny, Cladistics, and Taxonomy? Taxonomy is the biological science that deals with arranging and naming groups and organisms. Early system based on morphological similarities and differences. Today mostly based on known phylogenetic relationships and similarities in DNA

Phylogeny refers to the development of a group, particularly through evolutionary lines.  

Cladistics is a study in which groups (species, etc) are arranged on a phylogenetic tree according to the TIME at which they arose from other groups. For example, on a cladistic-type diagram, and earlier-evolving species would form a lower branch on the tree than one that evolved later.

Science of Classification Taxonomy Science of Classification

Classification The process of putting similar things into groups. Taxonomy – The science of classifying organisms

History of Classification: 4000 BC – Aristotle Creates first written classification scheme Two Groups: Animal Group – anything that lived on land, in the water, or in the air Plant Group – based this on their different stems

History of Classification: Many different systems, most of which were extremely complicated Names were based on common names (confusion) Names also based on long scientific definitions

What is this animal?

Puma, Cougar, Mountain Lion, etc.

History of Classification: 1700’s – Carolus Linnaeus Establishes system for classifying and naming organisms Based on the structural similarities of the organisms Binomial Nomenclature – 2 Name naming system Created groups called Taxa or Taxon Each Taxon is a category into which related organisms are placed Approximately 2.5 million kinds of organisms identified

Modern Day Levels of Classifcation KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI KIDS PLAYING CATCH ON FREEWAY GET SMASHED

Modern Day Levels of Classification Man Box Elder Tree Bobcat Canadian Lynx Kingdom Animalia Plantea Phylum Chordata Anthophyta Class Mammalian Dicotyledonae Mammalia Mammlia Order Primates Sapindales Carnivora Family Hominidae Aceracae Felidae Genus Homo Acer Lynx Species sapiens nugundo rufus camadensis

Modern Taxonomy: Evidence used to classify into taxon groups Embryology Chromosomes / DNA Biochemistry Physiology Evolution Behavior

Binomial Nomenclature A system of scientific naming using two names for every organism Use the genus and the species name For Example: Human Scientific Name Genus species Homo sapiens

Felis concolor

Rules for Binomial Nomenclature: Name is in Greek or Latin First word is the genus Second word is the species Words are italicized or underlined First word capitalized Second word lower case

5 Kingdom System Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Monera Prokaryotes (no nuclei) Heterotrophic (have to ingest food) and Autotrophic (can make own food) Anaerobic and Aerobic Aquatic, terrestrial, and in air Mostly asexual Mostly non-motile Examples: Bacteria, eubacteria, archebacteria

Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes (have nuclei) Heterotropic and autotrophic Unicellular Mostly aquatic Mostly asexual Motile and non-motile Examples: protozoa, slime molds, algae

Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotes Heterotrophic Mostly terrestrial Asexual and sexual Non-motile Example: Mushrooms, bread molds, yeasts

Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Mostly terrestrial Asexual and sexual Non-motile Example: mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophic Terrestrial and aquatic Sexual (a few asexual) Motile (a few non-motile) Examples: sponges, jellyfish, fish, mammals, arthropods, reptiles, birds