Iran – A Current Overview  3 rd largest oil reserve & 2 nd largest natural gas reserve  Imports more gasoline than any other country except U.S.  Revolution  Mahmoud Ahmadinejad succeeds Khomeini  % of population under 30  Rise of fundamentalism – SHARI’A

Reza Shah Pahlavi  After WWII began a program of Westernization (modeled after Turkey)  Land reform & ownership increased  Education improved  Women’s rights: voting, more education, professionalism & western dress  Carried on by son Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (abdicated 1941)  REFORMS FAILED Spending too much on non-essential things (i.e. military instead of helping people)

Iranian Revolution

Iranian Revolution  Shiite, Ayatollah Khomeini Exiled in 1964 – began Rev from Paris Grievances: corruption, police heavy-handedness, modernization, westernization, imperialism, exploitation of underprivileged, & illegitimate shah monarchy 52 US personnel hostage crisis of ’79 (444 days)  Iran became Islamic Republic  led by handful of powerful ayotallahs & 180,000 mullahs (priests)  THEOCRACY  “divine rule by clerics”, Khomeini was the infallible supreme leader Prediction: How will this change in leadership affect society & culture in Iran??

Cuban Revolution  CAUSE  Corrupt government Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista  EVENTS  Batista ruled as dictator (40s)  Guerrilla warfare begins (mid-50s)  Castro takes over (‘59) New gov= communist Che Guevara – Argentinean, Marxist revolutionary who allied with Castro, later became Pres. of Cuban National Bank & dealt w/US & USSR Tried to help Bolivian Rev- captured & killed (‘67)

Cuban Revolution: Consequences  Democratic Constitution (amendment allowed US intervention)  1 of last 5 communist governments in world  Better living conditions:  Redistribution of wealth, stabilize population, nationalized industries, health & education opportunities, laws to stop enviro damage  Arts flourished: murals  Negatives  Repression of Spanish  American monopolies  Cuban Missile Crisis

End of Day Quiz  Name 1 cause of the Cuban Revolution.  Name 1 cause of the Iranian Revolution.  Name one event during the Iranian Revolution.  Name one consequence of the Cuban Revolution.

THE MIDDLE EAST   Ottomans & WWI  Surge in nationalism (esp. Young Turks)  Post- WWI  1 st Central Power to fall  Armenian Genocide  Betrayed by G.B. & France - land was controlled by the League of Nations  Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

Interwar Period  American oil companies hedged out British influence & gained control over many oil facilities  Saudi Arabia  Kuwait*  Bahrain

Post WWII  Pakistan independence from GB (1947)  Syrian independence (1944)  st Arab-Israeli War*  Turkish Crisis- Soviets demanding lands (although neutral during WWII) & US sent aid…why?

Egypt  Came to power in 1952 – member of the Free Officers Movement  Allied w/Muslim Brotherhood  Loss of Arab-Israeli War (1948)  Broad social & economic reforms  Foreign policy:  Defeat Israel  Arab unity  Agitate socialist rev  forced G.B. out of Suez Canal  REFORMS FAILED  Founded 1928 by Hasan al-Banna  Murdered in 1949  Contempt for wealthy Egyptian & Euro minority that flourished in face of mass poverty  founded to remedy probs  Fundamentalist  Called for massive reforms  Strikes, riots & assassinations Gamal Abdul NasserMuslim Brotherhood

The Six Day War (1967)  It was a total victory for Israel who then took:  The West Bank from Jordan  Golan Heights from Syria  Gaza Strip and Sinai from Egypt  1978 Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian Pres. Anwar el-Sadat signed the Camp David Accords (oversaw by Pres. Carter)  Israel returned Sinai and Egypt (a Muslim nation) recognized Israel’s right to exist  Won Nobel Peace Prize  Muslim extremist assassinated Sadat in 1981 – jailed political opponents (etc.)

Egypt after Nasser  Anwar Sadat was his successor  Ended many programs, sought out private initiatives  Made peace with Israel  Expelled Russians  Opened Egypt to the west  Hosni Mubarak (successor) continued on similar path  MUSLIM FUNDAMENTALISM continues  One such group assassinated Sadat

Israel  Balfour Declaration (1917)  creation of Israel  required that Jews and Palestinians divide land that was traditionally theirs  1930’s ~500,000 Jews arrive  Palestinians had the numbers but the Jews had money & world sympathy  David Ben-Gurion (PM of Israel) - May 1948

“The Arab-Israeli Conflict”  PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) was created & dedicated to reclaiming the land and establishing a Palestinian state  Intifada’s (uprisings)  Terrorism  New Hostilities began in 2000  Israel elected Ariel Sharon as PM and he built a wall between Palestine and Israel for protection  PLO leader Yasser Arafat died in 2004  New president signed a armistice with Israel ending the Intifada

Intifada c.1988 – Young Palestinians demonstrating in the streets

Israel & Palestine “The Arab-Israeli Conflict”  “Right of Return”  9 million Palestinians living outside of homeland  Diaspora (ghurba)  Israel (2007)  7.3 million Jews  1.6 million Palestinians/non- Palestinians

OPEC ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES  Oil= power  OPEC set the world price for oil and controlled the amount available  1970 they cut supply  Prices skyrocketed  Since the 1980s lost some of its power  Infrastructure &/or wealth in hands of minority

 8% of world’s oil reserves  Urbanized, welfare state  1990 Gulf War  Iraqi invasion to “reclaim” land  Shiites, Sunnis & Kurds  9% of world’s oil reserves  No deep water port KuwaitIraq: “Vortex of Violence”

 Saddam Hussein  Iran-Iraq War ( )  Gulf War (1990)  Civil war  Operation Iraqi Freedom  1 st “free” election (2005)  Civil War

Terrorism al-Qa’ida destroyed the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001

“Arab Spring”  Wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010