1. Middle East Review

2. Arab – Israeli Conflict
Causes:
Jews migrate to Palestine in 1800’s and after WWII – Why?
HOLOCAUST
Creates strong support for Jewish homeland (They want their own country)
Who doesn’t support this?
The Arabs / Palestinians

3. Arab – Israeli Conflict
Causes:
Conflicting British Policies
1947 UN takes over and draws up a plan to split area into Arab and Jewish State
1948 – Jews proclaim ISRAEL an independent state!!

4. Arab – Israeli Conflict
What is the main arguments / conflict of both sides?
LAND!!!
Both Jews and Palestinian Arabs claimed a right to the land!!

5. What is Zionism ? Movement to create Jewish homeland
Started in the late 1800’s
Gained support after WWII - Holocaust

6. What was the Balfour Declaration?
British Document (1917)
Conflicting Promises:
Promised Jews a “National Home”
Promised Arabs that they will be “protected”
ONE OF THE MAIN CAUSES OF THE ARAB – ISRAELI CONFLICT!!!!

7. ALERT : REGENTS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION!!!!
Which statement best expresses the key issue in the continuing dispute between Israelis and Arabs?
Both sides have historic claim to the same land.
Other religious groups continue to claim rights to historic sites.
Israel has been denied access to water rights.
Control of oil resources in the area is essential to both groups.

8. Which statement best expresses the key issue in the continuing dispute between Israelis and Arabs?
Both sides have historic claim to the same land.
Other religious groups continue to claim rights to historic sites.
Israel has been denied access to water rights.
Control of oil resources in the area is essential to both groups.

9. What was the Suez- Canal Crisis?
Nasser (leader of Egypt) takes over control of the Suez Canal (1956)
Britain and France are not happy; Threaten to invade
Brief war – Egypt maintains control
Nasser was hailed as having achieved a victory for the Arab world!

10. What was the Six Day War ? 1967 Israel vs. Egypt, Syria, Jordan
Who wins?
Israel (They’re still undefeated)
They gain the Occupied Territories:
Golan Heights, East Jerusalem,
West Bank, Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula

11. Higher level question: How long was the Six Day War?
Um, Six Days!!!

12. What was the Yom Kippur War ?
1973 aka. October War
Israel vs. Egypt, Syria
Surprise attack by Arabs on Yom Kippur – they want their land back
Who wins?
Israel (Remember - They’re still undefeated)

13. What were the Camp David Accords?
Peace agreement between Egypt and Israel
1978 at Camp David (U.S)
Set up by President Carter , Anwar Saddat (Egypt), and Menachem Begin (Israel)
Egypt breaks from the other Arab countries; Many Arabs are not happy!!!

14. Leaders at Camp David Menachem Begin Israel Prime Minister 1977-1983
Anwar Sadat
President of Egypt
Assassinated in 1981

15. What does the PLO stand for?
Palestinian
Liberation
Organization
Waged guerrilla war against Israel/ Jews at home and abroad
Used bombings, hijackings, and massacre of Israel athletes at the 1972 Olympics to gain attention

16. Who was Yassir Arafat? Founder of the PLO
President of Palestinian Authority
Very controversial leader – Some viewed him as a terrorist/ some viewed him as a hero/ freedom fighter.

17. Who was Mahmoud Abbas? Became leader of Palestine after Arafat
Political party: Fatah

18. What is Hamas? Terrorist organization (suicide bombers)
Palestinian Islamist militant organization
During the January 2006 elections, took control of the Palestinian Legislature

19. What is Hezbollah?
Terrorist organization / resistance movement in Lebanon
Anti-Israeli / Anti-Semitism

20. Who was Yitzak Rabin?
Prime Minister of Israel from and
Signed Oslo Accords with PLO giving Palestinians in Gaza and West Bank some freedom
Was assassinated in 1995

21. Who is Ariel Sharon ? participated in the 6-Day War and Yom Kippur War
Israeli Prime Minister (He is currently in a coma)
participated in the 6-Day War and Yom Kippur War
Pushed for further peace with Palestine – Withdrew Israel (Jews) from the GAZA Strip (2005)

22. Revolution in IRAN (background):
Originally the Persian Empire
1921 1st revolution Shah takes over
During WWI USSR and Britain invade for Oil
1953 – Allies force new Shah into power
1979 – 2nd revolution Ayatollah takes over

23. What did the Shah do for Iran?:
Modernized the country – Made it more like the “West”
Became more and more like a dictator
From 1950’s to 1970’s became increasingly unpopular – He was rich and most of the population was not
Was overthrown in 1979 by The Ayatollah

24. Who was the Ayatollah Khomeini ?
Takes control in 1979
Religious leader – Shiite sect
Islam is the only law of the land – Sharia
Runs the country as a dictator
Iran becomes a Theocracy

25. Regents Review: What is a Theocracy ?
A government run by religion
Example?
IRAN

26. What is Islamic Fundamentalism?
Movement/ Ideology which pushes for strict following of the Koran and Sharia(law)
NO SEPERATION OF CHURCH AND STATE !!! – They believe that countries should be run by religion (ISLAM)

27. ALERT : REGENTS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION!!!!
One way in which the European Crusades, the Age of Exploration, and the Islamic Revolution in Iran were similar is that during each period
religion played an important role in political events.
imperialism led to an increase in traditional values.
self-determination encouraged policies of home rule.
weak central governments led to a return to feudalism.

28. One way in which the European Crusades, the Age of Exploration, and the Islamic Revolution in Iran were similar is that during each period
religion played an important role in political events.
imperialism led to an increase in traditional values.
self-determination encouraged policies of home rule.
weak central governments led to a return to feudalism.

29. Who is Saddam Hussein? Was the President of Iraq from 1979-2003
Dictator – Harsh Rule
Sunni party
Secular (non-Religious) government
Was originally supported by U.S. but is (was) now our enemy.

30. Iran – Iraq war ( )
Saddam (Sunni) attacks Iran in 1980 – Did not like Khomeini (Shiite)
- Did not like radical Islamic ideas
U.S. supports IRAQ
Saddam uses chemical weapons
War ends in a stalemate.

31. Invasion of Kuwait / Persian Gulf War I
1990 – Hussein invades Kuwait
Wanted to control Oil prices / control of Kuwait
US gets involved – Defeats Iraq, but Saddam stays in power

32. Operation Iraqi Freedom
2003 – present
U.S. led coalition forces get rid of Saddam – claim that he had WMD’s and other past abuses.

33. Turkey Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1923 – 1938) modernizes the country
Islamic nation – Progressive and somewhat democratic – “Friends with the West”

34. Afghanistan: Cold War Soviets involved during the cold war
“Their Vietnam”
Communist government
Soviets withdraw
Civil war from

35. Afghanistan: Who were the Taliban?
In power from
Extreme Islamic nationalists
“Friends” of Al Qaeda
US invades in 2001 – crushes the regime

36. Afghanistan: Today “Democratic” government Still very unstable
US led forces still there keeping order and searching for terrorists

37. What is OPEC? Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Made up of mostly Middle Easter countries – Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, Libya, Nigeria, Algeria, indonesia
CONTROLS THE PRICE AND PRODUCTION OF MUCH OF THE WORLD’S OIL !!!!

38. Current Events Iran – Nuclear weapon conflict
Iraq – Push for democracy vs. insurgency
Saudi Arabia – Support for U.S. vs. support for Muslim extremists
OIL, OIL, OIL!!!!!