A cultural hearth is a source area from which new ideas radiate. Neolithic / Agricultural revolution – about 10,000 years ago people stopped hunting and gathering and began to grow food. Advances in agriculture lead to increased crop production. Not everyone in a given population needs grow their own crops - one farmer can produce enough crops to support more than one family. This then allows people to engage in other activities besides crop raising, animal husbandry, hunting or gathering. As a result of these other activities (specialization), new ideas develop and lead to advancements in science, astronomy, mathematics, religion, art, and political systems. These ideas then are spread to surrounding areas.

The white dashed line shows the extent of glacial activity. later culture hearths culture hearths The original humans spread from Africa into the Middle East. From there, into Central Asia and then north into Europe and south into India. Humans then traveled south into the islands and Australia and north into China and eastern Russia. Humans then crossed the land bridge into North America and traveled east to the New England area and South into Middle and South America.

What did culture hearths have in common? Near a river in a temperate climate on arable land abundance of food

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia - Present day Iraq Mesopotamia is a region, not a country. The land between 2 rivers – the Tigris & Euphrates. The following groups lived in Mesopotamia: the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians,  Assyrians, Chaldeans, and to some degree the Hittites, Phoenicians and Persians Achievements: Code of Laws – Hammurabi’s Code Writing – Cuneiform System for calculating time and angles based on 60 – sexagesimal system

Indus River Valley

Indus River Valley - Present day Pakistan Two major civilizations – the Harappa & Mohenjo Daro The Indus River Valley spread and merged with the Ganges River Valley in India. Achievements: Town planning – grid system for roads sanitation system – covered drains water from wells grainaries, docks, and warehouses uniform weights and measurements copper, bronze, lead, and tin

Nile River Valley

Nile River Valley present day Egypt Achievements: mathematic advances reliable farming with irrigation engineering, mining, and plumbing pyramids medical - cures for diarrhea, burns, indigestion, cataracts, surgery, and mummification papyrus paper and hieroglyphics

Yellow River Civilization

Yellow River Civilization - present day China Shang Dynasty Achievements: wheel barrow, horse harness, row cultivation, and plow water chain pump (water goes up) metal casting Su Song’s mechanical clock – water-driven astronomical clock crossbow, rudder, gas lamp, block printing, abacus, paper, porcelain, silk, kites, playing cards

Other things that have spread between cultures: Disease Language Food Religion Ideas Inventions culture

Urban Areas

Urban Areas •Urban – having something to do with cities. People make a living in ways other than farming. •Urban areas grouped by: - population or - economic activities Kinds of Urban Areas •Cities are defined differently in different areas of the world. •Suburbs – areas around a city – large central city •Metropolitan Area – land of a central city and all of its suburbs. Urban Functions (Eco. Activities) •Manufacturing

History of Cities •Government – national, state, provincial capitals. •Transportation •Trade/office – generally will be located in a central area. •Other functions: - recreation ctrs - educational ctrs - religious ctrs History of Cities •Started about 6,000 years ago. •First cities: - Mesopotamia (SW Asia)

Earliest Great City - 4,000 BCE •Specialization started to develop: along the Tigris/Euphrates Rivers - 4,000 BCE •Specialization started to develop: - artisans - merchants - farmers - ruling elite (military or religious leaders) Sketch a map •Running the cities – (usually the ruling elite) - wrote the laws - levied taxes - supervised public building •Rome – ctr of Roman Empire - built all over Europe - roads still used today Earliest Great City

- brought water from the mountains by aqueducts - developed the grid system to lay out their cities (later spread all over Europe) - brought water from the mountains by aqueducts •Fall of the Roman Empire - invasion of Germanic tribes

Industrial Revolution Middle Ages •Villages and cities started to increase again after the Dark Ages •Trade between the villages would develop into large cities. Two of the largest cities would be Paris and London. Industrial Revolution •Next large growth of cites – started in Europe and would spread to N. America in the late 1700s. Machines begin to do work of humans. Immigration & 2nd Agricultural Revolution •Helped spread urbanization in the 20th c. •Dramatically increased the size of cities in North America. Urban Environment •Shaped by human activities - cities have to deal with problems and increasing population

Urban Landscape Exact location Relative location •Site and situation -influence whether people will settle in certain area - 2 factors influence this: Exact location Site -actual physical features (landforms, waterways, climate, etc.) Situation -position of a place in relation to all places around it. Relative location

These are characteristics of Site. What factors do we need for a city? •Water (fresh) •Abundant food source •Fertile land •Good climate •Natural protection These are characteristics of Situation Confluence •Near a trade center •River – for transportation •Located near natural resources.

Impact of Urban Development •A city’s good situation guarantees its influence over the area •A central business district (CBD) has areas around it that supply it with raw materials and farm products – called the HINTERLAND. •The hinterland gets its manufactured products and services from the city. Hinterland CBD Burgess Model Impact of Urban Development •People change the natural landscape to build the city.- animal/plant habitats are destroyed - arable land being used for development

institutions Cultures create institutions – organizations developed by society to make social roles clear and to take care of social needs. These institutions are centered in cities. Schools – teach values of society and prepare for adulthood Government – protect from outsiders, promote social cooperation, and regulate behavior Religious centers – teach values of society and guide proper behavior

Urban Climate •urban areas are warmer than rural areas. •Cities are “URBAN HEAT ISLANDS” (can be up to 3º warmer) •Buildings change wind patterns. Urban Climate

Upper Class – earns or inherits wealth and owns a large share of the property in the society. They lead a luxurious lifestyle and often serve in leadership roles in the society. Middle Class – This is the intermediate group of educated and mostly successful people – managers, professionals, shop keepers, and small business owners. Working Class – composed of manual workers who work in factories, mining, and transportation, or who work as independent craftsmen Peasants – these are the farm workers or owners of small farms mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture. Little education and limited experience of the world outside the village. Lower Class – often uneducated and unskilled. They take the least desirable and worst-paying jobs. Social structure

World Patterns of Urban Development Urban Life •Common urban problems - unemployment - providing services - racial/religious conflict - environmental pollution - decline of the CBD World Patterns of Urban Development •48% of the world’s people live in urban areas. •Developed countries – 75% •Developing countries – 35% live in cities •Last 20 years in developing countries - rapid population growth. By 2025 – 60% of the world’s population will live in cities. All but one of the largest cities in the world will be in developing countries.

Energy Non-Renewable – fossil fuels Coal, natural gas, petroleum Fossil fuels also used for petrochemical products Supplies of fossil fuels is a key factor for a country’s economic success. Unfortunately as fossil fuels are burned they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which may be a contributing factor to global climate change.

Renewable Energy Water power – hydroelectric – power derived from running water (dams) over 10% of US energy Wind power – wind turbines (modern windmill) create electricity. However takes many and large spaces to produce sufficient amounts. Geothermal power – heat from Earth’s interior. Plants are built where volcanoes and hot springs are plentiful. Solar power – energy from the sun. Special solar panels can absorb solar energy and convert it to electricity. However, panels are still expensive so the use of solar power is usually limited to upper class.

Note - Houston has 6.2 million World’s 10 largest urban areas: 1. Tokyo, Japan - 32,450,000 2. Seóul, South Korea - 20,550,000 3. Mexico City, Mexico - 20,450,000 4. New York City, USA - 19,750,000 5. Mumbai, India - 19,200,000 6. Jakarta, Indonesia - 18,900,000 7. Sáo Paulo, Brazil - 18,850,000 8. Delhi, India - 18,680,000 9. Õsaka/Kobe, Japan - 17,350,000 10. Shanghai, China - 16,650,000 Note - Houston has 6.2 million

Tokyo – Yokohama: population 32,450,000 largest urban area in the world. Tokyo is home to Mitsubishi, Fuji, Nissan, and Tokyo Electron Limited. 1 Tokyo, Japan

2 Seoul - 20,550,000 people –very high population density. Home to LG Group, Samsung, Kia, and Hyudai Seoul, South Korea

20,450,000 million largest in Latin America 20,450,000 million largest in Latin America. Pemex (petroleum) and tourism are major industries 3 Mexico City, Mexico

4 New York City – USA’s largest city – 19,750,000 people. Major publishing, textile, insurance, real estate, retail, media, chemical, securities, and financial centers make home here New York City, USA

Mumbai, India 5 Mumbai – 19,200,00 people – India’s largest city Mahim Bay is a tourist destination but others live in poverty. Home to major tech support centers, financial services, banking, textile, and Hindi language film industries.

Jakarta, Indonesia 6 Jakarta, Indonesia – people. The poor live on floating houses and houses on stilts. Home to insurance, government, textiles, and oil and gas industries.

7 10.6 million – largest in Soouth America – favela (slums) population – 612,000. Home to petrochemical, tourism, telecommunications, food & beverage, and auto making companies Sao Paulo

8 Delhi, India – India’s second largest city – population is18,680,000 India has 1/6th of the world’s people. Major information, petrochemical, textile, and pharmaceutical industries. Delhi, India

9 Õsaka/Kobe, Japan was once the capital. Now it is an industrial giant population is 17,350,000. Japan is very densely populated. Home to financial services, Hitachi, publishing, and many other electronic companies. Osaka/Kobe, Japan

10 Shanghai, China is China’s largest city located on the Yangtze River – population 16,650,000. Major manufacturing area specializing in electronics and information products, ship building, chemicals, automobile manufacturing, petrochemicals, and publishing.