The 1960’s By: Erin Emma Cooper Michelle Joe

 Linda Brown of Topeka, KS was denied access to an all-white elementary school near her home and instead had to walk a dangerous rout to the African American school.  In the Supreme Court, lawyer Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP fought for her right to attend the closer elementary school, claiming that segregation lowered African American's self worth and violated the 14th Amendment.  May 17, 1954: Chief Justice Earl Warren announced the court's decision that made racial segregation illegal in public schools  “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

 Despite the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, desegregation in the south moved slowly.  1954: the Little Rock, AR school board became the first in the South to announce they would desegregate.  September 1957: Nine African Americans arrived at Central High School, when Governor Orval Faubus brought in the National Guard to "protect" them, but they only prevented the nine from entering while an angry mob rioted against the African Americans.  September 25, 1957: President Eisenhower ordered 1,000 troops to the school, and the Little Rock Nine were finally allowed to enter.

 Rosa Parks was arrested on December 1, 1955 for violating segregation laws and refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger.  The Montgomery Improvement Association along with 50,000 African Americans participated in a boycott of the bus system for 381 days, handing out fliers and information about the cause.  Despite violence against them, Martin Luther King Jr. called for a peaceful boycott.  November 1956: the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery segregation laws were unconstitutional and the bus system was desegregated.

The Positive and Negative Social and Cultural Changes.

 Civil rights movement made great changes in society in the 1960s, began peacefully with Martin Luther King and Stokely Carmichael leading sit-ins and peaceful protests.  Malcolm X preached about black nationalism, after his assassination the black Panthers were formed to continue his mission.  College campuses became centers of debate and scenes of protesters, great numbers of young adults and baby boomers.

 The number of Hispanic Americans tripled during the decade and became recognized an oppressed minority.  Ceaser Chavez organized Hispanics in the UFWA(United Farm Workers Association)  JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963, VP. LBJ became president and sent more troops to south Vietnam.  In 1964, the civil rights act included Gender.  1967, Abortion became legal in some states.

 JFK’s main concern was with the Soviet Union and Communism - Strengthened military and added nuclear weapons

 Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator and established communist-style dictatorship  Kennedy approved invasion with anti-Castro Cuban refugees  Resulted in disaster, Cuban forces quickly pinned down the nearly 1,500 refugees and failed to spark an uprising amongst the Cuban people  Brought Cuba closer to Soviet Union

 Nikita Khrushchev demanded the West recognize the sovereignty of East Germany and remove all troops from West Berlin  Kennedy faced with dilemma  Eventually, Communist East Germany made barbed-wire fence through Berlin  Halted departure of East Germans to the west through Berlin (Khrushchev’s goal)  Fence replaced with concrete -> Berlin Wall

 Castro asked for defensive weapons from Soviet Union to prevent an invasion, Soviet Union armed Cuba with nuclear missile as well  Kennedy blockaded Cuba  Nuclear war loomed over the horizon  Khrushchev dismantled missile bases while Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba  Leaders sought to ease tension between their countries

 May 28, 1962  Dow Jones average fell 35 points - Largest single day drop since October 1929

 Many people living in rural areas and minority groups faced discriminatory hiring practices  Living in poverty - Did not benefit from the affluence of the 1950s

 November 23, 1963  Made trip to Dallas to build support for 1964 presidential campaign  Kennedy shot around 12:30 P.M.  Americans came together in mourning - Millions watched funeral on television  Lyndon Johnson swore into presidency hours later and promised continuity

 Southern Christian Leadership Conference - Church based African American organization dedicated to ending discrimination - Led by Martin Luther King Jr. with nonviolence

 Freedom Summer suggested by Robert Moses - Bring white volunteers into voting registration efforts people began march from Selma, AL to Montgomery, AL but were attacked by police - Americans joined in support  Voting Rights Act of 1965 – voting process under federal control

 Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique said women felt trapped by domestic life  Equal Pay Act – made it illegal to pay women less than men for same job - Limited effectiveness  Title VII – clause added to Civil Rights Act of 1964 that outlawed sexual discrimination in employment

President Kennedy’s Motivations for increasing Involvement in Vietnam

 John F Kennedy, became president in 1961, fully agreed with the domino theory Domino theory- Cold war belief that if one nation in south east Asia fell to communism, the rest of south east Asia would fall as well.  JFK was determined to change the image of the U.S because of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the building of the Berlin wall, aiding south Vietnam provided the U.S with a chance to assert its power.

 December of 1960, there were 900 U.S military advisers in South Vietnam, training Diem’s army of the republic (ARVN).  South Vietnam signed a military treaty with the U.S leading to the arrival of U.S support troops and the formation of the U.S military Assistance Command.  U.S aid increased to South Vietnam.  1965, the U.S began air raids on North Vietnam on communist controlled areas in South Vietnam.  U.S and South Vietnam did not defeat North Vietnam.

The Difficulties JFK Faced in Getting the Civil Rights Legislation Passed

 Martin Luther King Jr. – avid supporter of civil rights, very well respected  African Americans usually voted for candidates based on their stance on civil rights legislation, their party did not matter as much  On one hand, Kennedy was sympathetic to the African Americans who were facing discrimination  On the other, if he supported civil rights legislation, he was afraid that he would lose the support of white democrats in the South  Loss of support would hurt his re-election chances in 1964  Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Gulf of Tonkin and LBJ’s Failed Strategy for the war in Vietnam

 LBJ reported that 2 warships were attacked by the Vietnamese. The Maddox and the Turner Joy  Lyndon B. Johnson requested congress pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.  By passing the resolution congress gave up all power to declare war  In actuality The Maddox had been spying on Northern Vietnam and the Turner Joy was never hit.

 LBJ’s strategy was completely an air strike. Operation Rolling Thunder  Dropped 7 million tons of Bombs on the Ho Chi Minh Trail  Types of Bombs  Naplam  Cluster Bombs  Defoliants  Agent Orange

 Vietcong was quick to repair  Underground Facilities

The Major Accomplishments of LBJ’s Great Society

 LBJ’s administration and concepts  Wanted to create a place where the meanings of mans life matches the marvels of his labors  Accomplishments  War on Poverty  Medicare  Black voting rights  Better Schools  Department of housing and Urban development  First Black head of a cabinet Department  Highway beautification act mBVE

 Black panthers- African American Nationalism  Martin Luther king-Sit-ins and leader of the civil rights movement  Civil rights act of  Malcolm X- Preached about black nationalism.  Women's liberation movement

 Computer Mouse was invented by HP Labs by Travis N. Balalack, Thomas Homal, Richard A Baumgartner, and Mark T. Smith  1964: BASIC, which was an early computer language, was invented by John George Kemeny and Tom Kurtz  1967: The first handheld calculator was invented  1969L ARPAnet, the first form of the internet, was developed by the US department of Defense so that geographically separated computers could communicate.

 Cochlear Implant, “the Bionic Ear” could be surgically implanted into the ear, and with an electrical stimulation provided a sense of sound.  1969: The first artificial heart was invented. In 1982, the Jarvik 7 was implanted into Dr. Barney Clark by William DeVries. He survived 112 days with the heart.

 Ralf Baer invented the first video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey.  Stephanie Louise Kwolek, a chemist, invented Kevlar, which is used in bullet proof vests and even on army tanks.  1969: The automatic teller machine, or the ATM was invented

 By 1967, many programs were in color, but only 15% of Americans owned a color television  Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and Public Broadcasting System (PBS) helped with poor quality of alot of programs  African Americans and young people had a large role on TV programs  Television news very popular  Used for entertainment as well as advertising

 Television shows of the 60’s– Addams Family, Andy Griffith Show, The Avengers, The Beverly Hillbillies, Bewitched, Blue Angels, The Brady Bunch, Bugs Bunny Show, The Flintstones, I Dream of Jeannie, The Lucy Show, The Munsters, Popeye The Sailor, Sesame Street etc.  Movies of the 60’s– Psycho, Lawrence of Arabia, 2001: A Space Odyssey, To Kill A Mockingbird, West Side Story, The Sound of Music, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Oliver!, Mary Poppins etc.  Actors and Actresses– Julie Andrews, Audrey Hepburn, Sean Connery, John Wayne, Spencer Tracy, Peter O’Toole, Natalie Wood, Vincent Price, Burt Lancaster, Marilyn Monroe (also singer and model)

 iS4 iS4

 Transistor and portable radio set made  FM radio band was newly created  Motown and Rock and Roll very popular  Motown was the first music label in America that was owned by an African American  Blends rhythm and blues and pop music  Diana Ross and the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, The Temptations etc.

 Some of the most famous musicals ever produced came out in this decade  They included: Coco, Hair, Cabaret, Funny Girl, Hello Polly!, Fiddler on the Roof, Man of La Mancha etc.

 Many musicians began using their music to portray their political or social message.  Rock, folk, and blues were used show opinions on events of the 60’s such as feminism, Vietnam, and civil rights  Became “anthems” at concerts, rallies, and demonstrations.  Folk: Bob Dylan; Peter, Paul, and Mary  Rock: John Lennon- peace

 In the 1960’s numerous British groups arrived in the U.S., and were being played on the radio.  The Beatles led the movement with their first live performance in the U.S. in February  British music became very popular, meaning to mimic American Rock and Roll  Others included: The Kinks, Dave Clark Five, and the Rolling Stones

Blowin in the Wind- Bob Dylan

 August 15-18, 1969  “3 Days of Peace and Music”  Took place on a 600-acre dairy farm in Bethel, NY.  Originally tickets were sold, but eventually, the concert turned into a free event.  An estimated 500,000 people arrived at the Woodstock festival.  Artists such as Richie Havens, Santana, Janis Joplin, the Grateful Dead, the Who, and Jimi Hendrix performed over the three day period

 Turned boxing from minor event to mainstream sport  After winning heavyweight championship, he converted to Nation of Islam - Faced hostile criticism - Refused induction into armed services because of his religious association - Exiled from boxing for 3 ½ years  Traveled country as lecturer and public turned against Vietnam War and supported Ali  Supreme Court unanimously overturned conviction

 San Francisco Warriors ( ), Philadelphia 76ers ( ), Los Angeles Lakers ( )  Broke 8 NBA records his rookie season  Most remembered for single game records of 100 points and 55 rebounds  Won 2 NBA Championships, 4 Regular Season MVP Awards, and 7 Scoring Titles  NBA’s all time leading rebounder (23,924)  Holds 62 individual NBA records  Inducted into NBA Hall of Fame in 1978

 American ice skater  U.S. ladies champion from and World Champion from  Won Olympic gold in 1968 (Grenoble, France) - Only gold the U.S. won - Signaled return to American dominance in women’s figure skating

 Puerto Rican baseball player for Pirates for 18 seasons ( )  15 time all star, 12 gold gloves, won NL MVP in 1966  First Hispanic to win World Series as a starter in 1960 and won World Series MVP in 1971  Died in aviation accident en route to deliver aid to victims of an earthquake in Managua, Nicaragua  Inducted into Hall of Fame 1973

 Troll Dolls  Sea Monkeys  Lava Lamps  G.I. Joes  Mood Rings

 Hair Styles  Bouffant  Flat Ironing  Afros  Clothing  Nehru Jackets  Bell Bottom  Tie Dye  Peasant skirts  Turtlenecks  Granny Dresses  Shoes  Platform

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