Overview Introduction History Why electric car? Different parts Motor Controller Batteries used in electric cars Obstacles Future References 1

Introduction An electric is a car powered by an electric motor. Creates less pollution than gasoline car It consists of a motor, a controller and batteries. An electric motor gets power from controller which is energized by battery. 2

History 1832 Robert Anderson invented a non-rechargeable electric carriage. Electric car became popular between mid 19 century and earlier 20 th century. Global acceptance was hampered by a lack of power infrastructure. 3

Why electric car? Inadequacy of fossil fuels. Eco-friendly. Cost is less per mile. It produces no pollution at the tailpipe. 4

Different parts An electric car comprises: Electric motor Controller Batteries 5

Motor We can use both AC and DC type of motor in an electric vehicle. Most commonly used motor is DC series & separately exited motor. It is because of : 1. Wider range of speed control. 2. DC motors have most desirable characteristic. 3. Controllers are simpler and less expensive. We can use Induction Motor also when less maintenance is required. Size and weight of an AC motor is low. 6

DC Motor Controller The controller takes power from the batteries and delivers it to the motor. The accelerator pedal hooks to a pair of potentiometers with having variable resistor. Signal from potentiometer gives an idea of how much power is suppose to be delivered. Hence, controller can provide any power between zero to full power. potentiometer batteries acc. DC controller DC motor 7

AC Motor Controller AC motor controller have a little more complicated job, but idea is same. Controller creates three pseudo sine waves. Six set of transistor is required. accpotentiometer charger Acc. battery controller Higher voltage battery array AC motor 8

Batteries used in Electric Cars  Lead-acid (mostly used)  Ni-Cd  Ni-Zn  Ni-MH  lithium-ion  Li-ion polymer, and  Lithium-iron phosphate 9

Batteries are the major drawback in an electric car. They are heavy and bulky. Short life span.(typically 3-4 years). Limited capacity (battery of 15 kWh stands for 50 miles). Expensive. 10

Charging System for batteries A charging system has two objectives :  To pump electricity into the batteries as quickly as possible.  To monitor the batteries and avoid damaging them during the charging process 11

Batteries must be periodically charged. In home, power such as roof top photovoltaic solar cell panels can be used to charge batteries. Some advanced power station can charge a battery within an hour. Fast charging methods can be used. Contd…. 12

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Obstacles Lithium Ion battery costs Range concerns Price and consumer acceptance Market 14

Future Strictly depends upon cost and availability of batteries fulfilling all the requirements. Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries will be used. Fuel cell will be used. They will be lighter, smaller and high reliable. Super capacitors will be used. 15

References Brain, Marshall. "How Electric Cars Work." 27 March HowStuffWorks.com. 26 August W.F.Hamilton, “Electric Automobile”; McGrawHill,Hightstown,NJ;September,1979 B.Berman and G.H.Gelb, “Propulsion systems for electric cars”; IEEE Trans.,vol.VT-23,pp ;1974 S.A.Nasar and L.E.Unnewehr, “Electric vehicle technology”; John Wiley, New York;1979 A.J.Graumilch and C.V. Kern, “Battery power small off-highway vehicles”;SAE paper#740730;September,

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