CUNY Energy Institute City College of New York 160 Convent Avenue, ST-329 New York, NY Sustainable Energy Futures Sanjoy Banerjee Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering Director, the CUNY Energy Institute The City College of New York

US Bulk Energy Flows: 80% Energy Fossil Fuel © 2011 All Rights Reserved

US Bulk Carbon Flow: Fossil Fuels Generate Almost 100% Energy-Related Emissions © 2011 All Rights Reserved

Global Need for Affordable Energy: Growth in Demand Concentrated in Non-OECD Countries © 2011 All Rights Reserved

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURES WINDSOLAR NUCLEAR GENERATION: ENERGY STORAGE: HYDROBATTERY ELECTRIC CARINDUSTRYAPPLIANCES APPLICATIONS: ELECTRIC GRID: POWER LINES NATURAL GAS

A Potential Energy Strategy (With a Reduced Carbon Footprint) Production side: new electricity generation capacity with ‘clean’ coal, nuclear and renewable sources (intermittent!) Demand side: more efficient energy and capacity use via storage technologies for load leveling/peak shaving and to enable use of renewable sources

Energy Cost Estimates © 2011 All Rights Reserved Global GDP: $63,000,000,000,000 Energy Consumption: 517,000,000 TJ Maximum $/E: $120/TJ = $0.44/kWh Energy Costs at 10% of GDP (Usually Ideal) US: $.043/kWh Germany: $.068/kWh India/China:$.018/kWh These figures represent an desirable bound on the acceptable cost of energy generation. Renewable energy may be somewhat more expensive in special circumstances.

EIA Estimates of Levelized Energy Costs by Resource Type for New Generation in 2016: © 2011 All Rights Reserved Coal: $98.4/MWh Natural Gas: $66.1/MWh Advanced Nuclear: $103.5/MWh Wind: $97.0/MWh Offshore Wind: $243/MWh Solar PV: $210.7/MWh Solar Thermal: $311.8/MWh Note: Assumes high capacity factor for wind (34%) and solar (18-25%) resources

Static US Transmission System Serves Existing Power Plants, Most Built Up in the Northeast, Midwest © 2011 All Rights Reserved

Diffuse Renewables Do Not Coincide with Existing Grid: Solar Resources in South, West © 2011 All Rights Reserved

Diffuse Renewables Do Not Coincide with Existing Grid: Wind Resources Best on Coasts, in North, West © 2011 All Rights Reserved

Carbon Sequestration: Deep Saline Aquifers, Oil and Gas Fields, and Coal Beds for Geological Storage of CO 2 James R. Katzer, “The Future of Coal-Based Power Generation” Chem. Eng. Progress, 104 (3), pp. S15-S22 (Mar. 2008). Copyright AIChE. Used with permission.

Battery review: what is a rechargeable battery ?

Electricity Storage Technologies

Demand Side Energy Storage & Management Load Leveling, Peak Shaving, Enabling Renewables

Cost comparison per unit energy (2008)

© 2011 All Rights Reserved Affordable Energy Storage Needed for Multiple Applications: Emerging Grid-Scale Batteries Meet Cost Target of $100/kWh BATTERY SCALE-UP TIMELINE 50 kWh Battery & Turnkey kWh Battery Grid-Connected 2012 GRID-SCALE BATTERY ADVANCES 10,000 Deep Cycles Achieved Dendrite Management with Flow Safe Chemistry, Low-Cost Materials 1.6 kWh Ni-Zn Operating (Pictured) Zn-Ni Batteries: $500/kWh, $.10/kWh Cycle with 5,000 Cycles at 80% DOD Zn-MnO2 Batteries: $100/kWh, $.02/kWh Cycle with 5,000 Cycles at 80% DOD

© 2011 All Rights Reserved Zinc Anode Rechargeable Batteries: Safe, Non-Flammable, Low-Cost, Long Cycle Life Energy Storage Solutions

CONCLUSIONS oil use must be reduced for a sustainable future substitution of oil by electricity generated from diverse sources is a viable alternative renewable sources are attractive but must be reduced in cost requires developments of electricity storage technologies to also be reduced in cost and of increased reliability Development/deployment of new electrochemical storage technologies both for mobile assets and stationary assets is essential.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION & CO2PROD)/$GDP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY) BTU & (MT.E-3)/US $ (2000) COUNTRY USA 15.72/ /.55 SWEDEN 13.63/ /.24 ITALY 6.818/ /.35 CHINA 23.54/ /.72 INDIA 4.341/ /.30

Wind, heat pumps,… Biofuels Coal Oil Hydroelectric Nuclear Largest changes since 1970: - Total increase by almost 50% - Large reduction of oil - Large increase of nuclear - Large increase of bio Changes in energy supply in Sweden

Intermittent Renewable Generation Requires Flexible, Two- Way Grid System © 2011 All Rights Reserved

Increased Generation from Renewables and Natural Gas © 2011 All Rights Reserved

Comparison of Flow batteries VanadiumZinc BrominePSBCerium Typical power range (MW)< 3< 1< 15n/a Typical size range (MWh) n/a Energy density (Wh/l) – Cycle efficiency n/a Cycle life (cycles)> 12,000> 2,000n/a Life time (years) n/a Stage of developmentDemonstration/ commercial Demonstration Companies involvedVRB, SEI, Pinnacle, Cellenium ZBB, Premium Power TVA, VRBPlurion

China and India Are Rapidly Building Out Regional Grids © 2011 All Rights Reserved

Game-Changing Technologies © 2011 All Rights Reserved Next Generation Nuclear Power Grid-Connected Electricity Storage Advanced Wind Generation Photovoltaic Organic Compounds Graphene Semiconductors Algal Biofuels