© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Chapter 4: Organizational Patterns Reading Across the Disciplines: College Reading and Beyond, 3/e Kathleen McWhorter

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers In this chapter you will learn how to: Identify patterns of organization:  Definition  Classification  Order or Sequence  Cause and Effect  Comparison and Contrast  Listing/Enumeration  Mix Patterns  Other Patterns

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Patterns  Help you anticipate the author’s thought development and thus focus your reading.  Help you remember and recall what you read.  Useful in your writing; by helping you organize and express your ideas in a more coherent, comprehensible form.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Definition Explains the meaning of a word or phrase. Transitions for Definition Pattern: is, means, refers, can be defined, another term, also means  deficit is another term that…  bureaucracy means…

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Classification Divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics. Transitions for Classification Pattern: several kinds, numerous types of, classified as, composed of, comprise, one type of, another type, finally  There are numerous types of…  The human skeleton is composed of...

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Order or Sequence Describes events, processes, and procedures. –Chronology –Process –Order of Importance –Spatial Order

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Chronological Order Refers to the sequence in which events occur in time. Transitions for Chronological Order: in, at, on, first, later, then, before, during, by the time, while, afterward, as, after, thereafter, meanwhile, at that point  In ancient times…  The first primate species…  Later efforts...

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Process Focuses on procedures, steps, or stages by which actions are accomplished. Transitions for Process:  words are similar to those used for chronological order.

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Order of Importance Expresses order of priority or preference. Ideas are arranged from most to least or least to most important. Transitions for Order of Importance: less, more, primary, first, next, last, most important, primarily, secondarily  More revealing is…  Of primary interest is…

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Spatial Order Information is organized according to its physical location, or position or order in space. Transitions for Spatial Order: left, lower, outer, beneath, next to, beside, to the left, in the center, externally  the left side of the brain…  beneath the surface…

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Cause and Effect Describes how one or more things cause or are related to another. Transitions for Cause and Effect: causes, creates, leads to, yields, stems form, produce, breeds, results in, therefore, consequently, hence, for this reason, since  Stress causes…  Avoidance results in…

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison and Contrast Discusses similarities and/or differences among ideas, theories, concepts, objects, or persons. Transitions for Comparison and Contrast: unlike, less than, contrasted with, differs from, in contrast, however, on the other hand, as opposed to, whereas  Frost differs from…  Frost is as powerful as…

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Listing/Enumeration Organized lists of information, parts, characteristics, features, or categories. Transitions for Listing/Enumeration: one, second feature, also, several characteristics, (1)…,(2)…, (a)…, (b)…, in addition, first, second, third, finally, another  A second feature of relativity…  There are several characteristics of relativity: (1)…(2)…, and (3)…

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Mixed Patterns Organizational patterns are often combined.  Example: Psychogenic amnesia—a severe and often permanent memory loss—results in disorientation and the inability to draw on past experiences. (cause and effect/definition)

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Statement & Clarification Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow. Transitions for Statement & Clarification: in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Summary Condensed review of an idea or piece of writing is to follow. Transitions for Summary: in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Generalization and Example Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement. Transitions for Generalization & Example: for example, for instance, that is, to illustrate, thus

© 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Addition Indicates that additional information will follow. Transitions for Addition: furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again

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