Socialist Author 1906-Wrote The Jungle 1906-Pres. Roosevelt read book and was horrified = Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act Wrote Oil!

“Now, the typical American citizen is the business man. The typical business man is a bad citizen; he is busy. If he is a “big business man” and very busy, he does not neglect, he is busy with politics, oh, very busy and very businesslike. I found him buying boodlers in St. Louis, defending grafters in Minneapolis, originating corruption in Pittsburgh, sharing with bosses in Philadelphia, deploring reform in Chicago, and beating good government with corruption funds in New York. He is a self- righteous fraud, this big business man. He is the chief source of corruption, and it were a boon if he would neglect politics. But he is not the business man that neglects politics; that worthy is the good citizen, the typical business man. He too is busy, he is the one that has no use and therefore no time for politics. When his neglect has permitted bad government to go so far that he can be stirred to action, he is unhappy, and he looks around for a cure that shall be quick, so that he may hurry back to the shop.” -Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the City, 1904

1892- Began writing for New York Evening Post and McClure’s Magazine exposed local government corruption in The Shame of the City The Struggle of Self- Government Started American Magazine with Ida Tarbell Visited Russia during Revolution: “I have seen the future and it works.”

“[The] production, manufacture, and export, its price at home and abroad, have been controlled for years by a single corporation— the Standard Oil Company.... The Standard produces only one fiftieth or sixtieth of our petroleum, but dictates the price of all, and refines nine tenths. This corporation has driven into bankruptcy, or out of business, or into union with itself, all the petroleum refineries of the country except five in New York, and a few of little consequence in Western Pennsylvania.... the means by which they achieved monopoly was by conspiracy with the railroads.... [Rockefeller] effected secret arrangements with the Pennsylvania, the New York Central, the Erie, and the Atlantic and Great Western.... After the Standard had used the rebate to crush out the other refiners, who were its competitors in the purchase of petroleum at the wells, it became the only buyer, and dictated the price. It began by paying more than cost for crude oil, and selling refined oil for less than cost. It has ended by making us pay what it pleases for kerosene” -Ida Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Company, 1904

Wrote for major muckraking publication McClure’s Magazine with Lincoln Steffans Wrote in McClure’s Magazine about John D. Rockefeller’s monopolistic Standard Oil Company “Miss Tarbell” = Rockefeller Joined Lincoln Steffans in creating American Magazine Continued to write on women’s rights

1.Prime – The most sought after and expensive grade of beef. Heavy marbling and consistent sizes are what this grade calls for. Very few carcasses make it out of the plants with this stamp. 2.Choice – The product of most restaurants and high end meat markets. Good marbling and less money than Prime making it a great choice for most. 3.Select – The most commonly seen grade of beef. Found in grocery stores across the country. Lean and cheap. I ’ d be willing to bet the last beef you consumed was Select. 4.Standard – Not up to the Select grade? It ’ s probably Standard and used for mass produced ground beef. 5.Commercial – Old beef that is has a less-than- desirable ease of cutting. 6.Utility – How many of you like paying your utilities every month? This is one you shouldn ’ t waste your money on. 7.Cutter – Ironic that it is called “ Cutter ” because the USDA says that the range in cutability among cattle that qualify for the minimum of this grade will be narrow. 8.Canner – Here is what the USDA had to say about this one. “ Canner grade cattle are those which are inferior to the Cutter grade ”. (Terms like Premium, Superior, Award Winning, Black Angus, Blue Ribbon, Organic, Natural, Free Range, etc. mean nothing)