1. The Muckrakers Journalists who exposed social problems and political corruption but did not propose solutions –Thomas Nast – cartoonist known for exposing Boss Tweed –Upton Sinclair – His book The Jungle exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry –Ida Tarbell – journalist who wrote about the Standard Oil Company –Lincoln Steffens – exposed corruption in city government in St. Louis

2. Progressive Reforms— Political Problem: Politics controlled by political machines (bosses) The most famous political machine, Tammany Hall, was brought down by the most famous political cartoonist, Thomas Nast. Political cartoons are often most effective because they inspire emotion and reach populations of all educational levels

8. Solutions: –17 th Amendment: people, NOT state legislatures elect senators –Recall: Remove a corrupt elected official –Referendum: Allows voters to approve/reject a law (taxes) –Initiative: Allows voters to propose laws –Secret ballot: end control of bosses