Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 CHAPTER 11 The Environment INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Seventh Edition Joshua S. Goldstein

Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Global Warming Slow, long-term rise in average world temperatures Slow, long-term rise in average world temperatures Caused by emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases Caused by emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases Also caused by fossil fuels and their by-products Also caused by fossil fuels and their by-products Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Ozone Depletion Ozone Depletion 1987, Montreal Protocol (first agreement) 1987, Montreal Protocol (first agreement)

Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Biodiversity 1.4 million species have been identified, but this is only a small fraction of total number, scientists believe 1.4 million species have been identified, but this is only a small fraction of total number, scientists believe Many species already extinct Many species already extinct Loss of habitat Loss of habitat International Agreements: 1971, Wetlands Convention International Agreements: 1971, Wetlands Convention 1973, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 1973, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) International Whaling Commission International Whaling Commission

Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 The Law of the Sea Territorial Waters Territorial Waters 12 miles for shipping 12 miles for shipping 200 miles for economic activities 200 miles for economic activities Many conflicts, mainly because only about a dozen countries control most territorial waters Many conflicts, mainly because only about a dozen countries control most territorial waters Antarctica Antarctica

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Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Natural Resources World Energy World Energy Oil makes up 40 % of world energy consumption; Coal 30 %; and Gas 25 % Oil makes up 40 % of world energy consumption; Coal 30 %; and Gas 25 % 1973, independent Middle East countries, which control about 2/3 of world oil, use their cartel to raise oil prices 1973, independent Middle East countries, which control about 2/3 of world oil, use their cartel to raise oil prices Oil prices continue to rise, hurting industrialized economies Oil prices continue to rise, hurting industrialized economies

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Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Dividing the Caspian Sea

Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Other Natural Resources Minerals: They are more evenly distributed throughout the world than oil Minerals: They are more evenly distributed throughout the world than oil United States is most self-sufficient country in relation to minerals United States is most self-sufficient country in relation to minerals Some minerals are concentrated in one country, e.g., 2/3 of manganese (for steel) and chromium are in South Africa Some minerals are concentrated in one country, e.g., 2/3 of manganese (for steel) and chromium are in South Africa

Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Water 20 % of world’s population lacks safe drinking water 20 % of world’s population lacks safe drinking water 80 countries suffer water shortages 80 countries suffer water shortages Some rivers run through many countries, such as the Euphrates River through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq before reaching the Persian Gulf Some rivers run through many countries, such as the Euphrates River through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq before reaching the Persian Gulf Water also contains fish and other resources Water also contains fish and other resources

Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Population 6.4 billion people on Earth in billion people on Earth in million more people every year 75 million more people every year 200,000 more every day 200,000 more every day In 25 years, 7 to 8 billion In 25 years, 7 to 8 billion 96 % of population growth will be in South 96 % of population growth will be in South Malthusian: population grows faster than food supply; thus, population growth limited by disease and famine Malthusian: population grows faster than food supply; thus, population growth limited by disease and famine

Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 World Population Trends and Projections

Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 The Demographic Transition

Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Population and AIDS by World Region, 2004