Patanan Kridiborworn, Amnat Chidthaisong*, Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through mangrove plantation and charcoal production Patanan Kridiborworn, Amnat Chidthaisong*, Sirintornthep Towprayoon and Sudarat Tripetchkul1 ถ้าต้องการแทรกภาพนิ่งภาพนี้ลงในงานนำเสนอของคุณ   บันทึกแม่แบบนี้เป็นงานนำเสนอ (แฟ้ม .ppt) บนคอมพิวเตอร์ของคุณ เปิดงานนำเสนอที่มีภาพนิ่งของภาพ บนแท็บ ภาพนิ่ง ให้วางจุดแทรกไว้หลังภาพนิ่งที่จะอยู่ด้านหน้าภาพนิ่งของภาพ (ดูให้แน่ใจว่า คุณไม่ได้เลือกภาพนิ่ง จุดแทรกของคุณควรอยู่ระหว่างภาพนิ่ง) บนเมนู แทรก คลิก ภาพนิ่งจากแฟ้ม ในกล่องโต้ตอบ ตัวค้นหาภาพนิ่ง คลิกแท็บ ค้นหางานนำเสนอ คลิก เรียกดู ระบุตำแหน่งและเลือกงานนำเสนอที่มีภาพนิ่งของภาพ และคลิก เปิด ในกล่องโต้ตอบ ภาพนิ่งจากแฟ้ม เลือกภาพนิ่งที่มีภาพนิ่งของภาพ เลือกกล่องกาเครื่องหมาย เก็บการจัดรูปแบบตามต้นฉบับ หากคุณไม่ได้เลือกกล่องกาเครื่องหมายนี้ ภาพนิ่งที่เป็นสำเนาจะรับช่วงงานออกแบบของภาพนิ่งที่อยู่ข้างหน้าในงานนำเสนอ คลิก แทรก คลิก ปิด The Jointed Graduate School of Energy and Environment, and 1School of Bio-resources and Technology King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi *Corresponding email: amnat_c@jgsee.kmutt.ac.th

Outlines Introduction Research Objectives Material & Method Study site Biomass measurement Soil and plant C analysis Charcoal production and characteristics Calculation of CO2 reduction potential Conclusions

(Mangrove ) forest and climate change

Mangrove and climate change Ecosystem services December 2004 Asian tsunami and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 gave the world a new appreciation for mangrove forests.  mangroves help stabilize shorelines and thus protect lives and property from such natural disasters

Mangrove and climate change Mitigation: Carbon sinks Soil Biomass Renewable energy Adaptation: Local livelihood, marine/coastal productivity, Safety

Status of mangrove forest area in Thailand http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/J1533E60.htm

Loss due to land conversion http://www.northamerica.unep.net/geas/archive/Sep1-15_09.html

Objectives How mangrove plantation and utilization for charcoal production could help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and support the adaptability of charcoal production community? Energy replacing LPG Forest with utilization and management Renewable Reduced CO2 emission Mangrove tree Charcoal

Study site

Location site : GIS and GPS mapping Field surveys Soil data: % Total C,% Total N, Bulk density Mangrove plantation & biomass measurements Charcoal production Study site This study will be carried out at Mangrove forest of Yisarn Community in Ampawa, Samutsongkarm Province of Thailand which mangrove forest is found largely on the west coast of Thai Gulf. Yisarn area contain mangrove forest about 30 kilometers wide or about 22,500 Rai and the people in this community are still living in Thai typical lifestyle as farmers or fisherman (Tontaweewong, 1999). The reason why this particular area of Yisarn was chosen as the investigated area is due to the fact that the area have mangrove plantations for commercially purpose in charcoal production from mangrove trees-based materials as an alternative fuel and the people within this community has been growing-cutting mangrove forest in Yisarn for charcoal production for more than 60 years successfully. In some area along the Thai coastline, communities have lived together with mangrove forest and exploited it with certain level of sustainability for many years. While there are various roles of mangrove forest that help sustains the community, its role in acting as important carbon reservoir contributes significantly to overall global carbon dynamics. Large amounts are stored in mangrove ecosystem, including biomass and sediments. Managing and utilizing this carbon reservoir wisely in thus imperative. The overall objective of this work is to investigate the productivity and biomass accumulation under different schemes of mangrove biomass management and utilization in Tambol Yisarn, Samutsongkram Province. For a long time that Yisarn community’s mangroves forest area are largely used for biomass energy replacing fossil fuel, which is the dominate income of the people living in this community (Dadepiew, P. 2002). However, ever since 1987 the community’s mangrove forest area has found to be deforest and turn the land into shrimp farming business like many other area near (Tontaweewong, 1999). According to both research from Tontaweewong in 1999 and a book review from Dadepiew in 2002, it was found that over 10,000 Rai of the mangrove forest in Yisarn area was destroyed and people living in the community uses mangrove forest for other purposes instead of growing more forest and cutting them to make biomass production like in the old days. Source: GIS Map of Samutsongkram Province, Ministry of Interior, 2008

9-12 years

Results: Biomass 9.29±1.73 0.28±0.06 0.30±0.05 8.72±1.74 11.39±0.66 3.41±0.25 12 7.73±1.31 0.16±0.05 2.47±0.49 5.09±0.83 10.24±0.66 2.61±0.14 9 1.42±0.35 0.34±0.07 0.41±0.11 0.67±0.23 3.08±0.41 1.41±0.17 6 0.31±0.05 0.16±0.02 0.00±0.00 0.15±0.03 1.00±0.14 1.07±0.13 3 0.07±0.02 0.03±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.47±0.04 0.69±0.05 1 (kg) Leave Brance Stem (m) (cm) Total Dry weight Height DBH Age (Year)

Results: Biomass estimate Stem dry weight (kg) = 0.1403(D2H)0.8427, r2 = 0.99, n= 30

http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/reports/gcc_final/veg.html

Results: Soil carbon Forest age Bulk density (g/cm3) Soil carbon content (gC/100 g dry soil) 0.65 4.11 1 0.73 3.47 3 0.57 5.93 6 0.55 5.80 9 5.03 12 0.63 5.73

Results: Soil carbon Increasing?

Results: Charcoal production Parameters Values Averaged number of tree at planting 25,000 seedling/ha Averaged number of tree at harvest 8,900 tree/ha Volume of stem 112.5 m3/ha Kiln capacity 30 m3 Charcoal production 4,000-4,500 kg/Kiln Calorific value 5494.41±74.98 Calorie/g Charcoal production efficiency 22%

CO2 Reduction Charcoal-C Biomass-C Burning Photosynthesis ลดการปล่อย จากแหล่ง 2 Burning ฟอสซิล CO2 in the atmosphere ทดแทนพลังงาน Charcoal-C Replacing fossil fuel ฟอสซิล เช่น ก๊าซ หุงต้ม Photosynthesis Charcoal production Biomass-C

Mangrove plantation area equivalent Results Kiln Owener Charcoal production (kg/year) Mangrove plantation area equivalent (Rai) Energy values (Terrajoules) Avoided CO2 emission (ton CO2) Sai 31,500.00 45.41 0.74 46.62 Malai 75,000.00 108.12 1.76 110.88 Cha-on 48,000.00 69.19 1.13 71.19 Rujee 62,500.00 90.10 1.47 92.61 Boonliam 18,000.00 25.95 0.42 26.46 Sawai Vichian 50,000.00 72.08 1.18 74.34 Anant 67,500.00 97.30 1.59 100.17 Total 427,500.00 616.26 10.05 633.12

CO2eq for the whole area* Summing up-- Activity Carbon stock (ton/ha/yr) CO2eq (ton CO2/ha/yr) CO2eq for the whole area* (ton CO2/yr) Soil carbon at 0-20 cm 1.7 6.2 6847 Biomass C (all but stem) 2 6.9 7598 Charcoal - 6.4 7067 *1014 ha

What we have learned? Local management and utilization of mangrove could be environmentally beneficial. Mitigation and adaptation interlinks? Other economic returns/analysis? More— Carbon leakage Integrating into LCS Supports & sustainability

Thank you very much for you attention!