Understanding Verb Forms What are the principal parts of verbs? Regular verbs Irregular verbs Review A Review B

What are the principal parts of verbs? Verbs change forms to fit different uses, much as people change clothes to fit different situations. He wears stripes for the game. He has worn a uniform before. He wore a tuxedo for his wedding.

What are the principal parts of verbs? Verbs have four principal parts, each of which performs a different function. Base Form begin join Present Participle [is] beginn ing [is] join ing Past beg a n join ed Past Participle [have] beg u n [have] join ed More about participles

What are the principal parts of verbs? Participles When used as part of a verb phrase, participles follow a helping verb. Helping Verb Helping Verb Ken is joining us. Ken is joining us. The movie has begun. The movie has begun. Verb Phrase Verb Phrase

What are the principal parts of verbs? These principal parts are used to form all the different verb tenses. Base Form They always begin on time. Present Participle They are beginning now. Past They began early yesterday. Past Participle They have begun already.

What are the principal parts of verbs? Tense The tense of a verb indicates the time of the action or state of being expressed by the verb. Perfect tenses indicate that something happened or existed before a specific point in time. Past Present Future Past Future Present Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect By June she will have taken dance for five years. She took an advanced class last summer. Lisa will take tap dancing next year. She has taken lessons for four years. Lisa had taken piano before. Lisa takes ballet lessons.

Regular verbs A regular verb generally forms its past and past participle by adding –d or –ed to the base form. Base Form Past Past Participle bake bake d [have] bake d happen happen ed [have] happen ed The present participle is formed by adding –ing. Present Participle happen ing

Regular verbs Adding –ing, -d, or –ed Most regular verbs that end in e drop the e before adding –ing. dance danc ing Some verbs double the final consonant before adding –ing or –ed. trimm trim ing trimm trim ed

Regular verbs Adding –d or –ed Avoid the common mistake of leaving the –d or –ed ending off the past or past participle form. Grammar Guy Says... Nonstandard The firefighter risk his life. We should have ask for directions. Standard The firefighter risked his life. We should have asked for directions.

Regular verbs A few regular verbs have alternative past and past participle forms that end in -t. Base Form Past Past Participle burn burn ed [have] burn ed or burn t or [have] burn t dream dream ed [have] dream ed or dream t or [have] dream t

Regular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 1. I think you (stir) that batter too much. 2. During the journey the people on the wagon train had (survive) every sort of hardship. 3. Jamal (use) to work for a messenger service. 4. My dad (burn) his toast at breakfast.

Regular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 1. I think you stirred that batter too much. Stir is a regular verb. Add –ed to form the past form.

Regular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 2. During the journey the people on the wagon train had survived every sort of hardship. Survive is a regular verb. Add –ed to form the past participle.

Regular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 3. Jamal used to work for a messenger service. Use is a regular verb. Add –ed to form the past form.

Regular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 4. My dad burned his toast at breakfast. or 4. My dad burnt his toast at breakfast. Burn has an alternative past form that ends in -t.

Regular verbs On Your Own Give the correct form (past, past participle, or present participle) of the italicized verb, as indicated in parentheses. 1. A rolling, green meadow (stretch) before them. (past) 2. The class is (paint) a mural for the hallway. (present participle) 3. Have you (revise) your essay yet? (past participle) 4. The cat (jump) onto the counter and knocked over a glass of juice. (past) 5. We are (conduct) a survey. (present participle) [End of Section]

Irregular verbs Some verbs do not fit the regular pattern. An irregular verb forms its past and past participle in some way other than by adding –d or –ed. Base Form Past Past Participle swim sw a m [have] sw u m burst burst [have] burst

Grammar Guy Says... Irregular verbs When forming the past and past participles of irregular verbs, avoid the common error of adding –d, -ed, or –t to the base form. Grammar Guy Says... Nonstandard Standard We bursted into laughter as soon as we saw the comedian. We burst into laughter as soon as we saw the comedian.

Irregular verbs Changing vowels 1. Some irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing vowels. Base Form Past Past Participle drink dr a nk [have] dr u nk Other verbs that change vowels become became [have] become find found [have] found meet met [have] met ring rang [have] rung

Irregular verbs Changing consonants 2. Other irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing consonants. Base Form Past Past Participle make ma d e [have] ma d e Other verbs that change consonants build built [have] built hear heard [have] heard lend lent [have] lent spend spent [have] spent

Irregular verbs Changing vowels and consonants 3. Some irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing both vowels and consonants. Base Form Past Past Participle see s aw [have] s een Other verbs that change vowels and consonants buy bought [have] bought break broke [have] broken feel felt [have] felt go went [have] gone

Irregular verbs No change 4. A few irregular verbs make no change at all in their past and past participle forms. Base Form Past Past Participle set set [have] set Other verbs that make no change burst [have] burst cost [have] cost hurt [have] hurt read [have] read

Grammar Guy Says... Irregular verbs Do not use the past form with a helping verb. Grammar Guy Says... Nonstandard Standard I never swam in this lake before. I have never swam in this lake before. Also, do not use a past participle form without a helping verb. Nonstandard Standard She has swum to shore to get help. She swum to shore to get help.

Irregular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 1. Aunt Crystal (send) me a postcard from Spain. 2. Dan has (bring) chicken for the picnic. 3. The mother (speak) softly to the small child. 4. Where have I (put) my notebook?

Irregular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 1. Aunt Crystal sent me a postcard from Spain. The past form of send is sent.

Irregular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 2. Dan has brought chicken for the picnic. The past participle of bring is brought.

Irregular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 3. The mother spoke softly to the small child. The past form of speak is spoke.

Irregular verbs Give the correct past or past participle form of each verb in parentheses. 4. Where have I put my notebook? The past form of put is put.

Irregular verbs On Your Own Give the correct form (past or past participle) of each verb in parentheses. 1. I bought the tickets even though they ________ too much. (cost) 2. Greg has finally ________ the answer. (find) 3. Dad has ________ Rusty to visit the veterinarian. (take) 4. The girls ________ hats for the nature hike. (wear) 5. She ________ everything she could to help us. (do) [End of Section]

Review A Give the correct form (past, past participle, or present participle) of each italicized verb, as indicated in parentheses. 1. Have you ever (fly) a Japanese dragon kite? (past participle) 2. We (see) three movies last weekend. (past) 3. Bill is (cut) the fabric for the drapes. (present participle) 4. The pitcher (throw) the ball to the first baseman. (past) 5. The government class has (go) to observe the city council in session. (past participle)

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