Stereotypes, Prejudice, Discrimination In-Groups/Out-Groups

In-Groups vs. Out-Groups

Reasons for Rivalries Geographic Proximity Frequent Meetings in Important Games Events that Increased tension between groups Pre-existing Social and Political Tensions 10 Great Sporting Rivalries 10 Great Sporting Rivalries

Football: FSU vs. UF Two Oldest Public Universities in Florida One or both of them often highly ranked (1994) Choke at Doak Game 28 Points from FSU in the last quarter to tie game The Comeback - FSU vs. UF The Comeback - FSU vs. UF

Feeding an Old Rivalry Auburn vs. Alabama Roll Tide/War Eagle The Iron Bowl Alabama vs. Auburn 1893 SEC Division Rivalries and In-Group Bias.

Case Study: Barcelona – Real Madrid Barcelona - Real Madrid Why could this rivalry be considered more than just a soccer match? Provide details from the video. How has the rivalry changed over time?

Case Study: AC Milan vs. Inter Milan Italian Derby Inter first allowed players from other countries to play when AC Milan wouldn’t Differences have dissipated since their first match in 1908, but tension remains.

Case Study: The Old Firm Celtic F.C. vs. Rangers F.C. Celtic vs. Rangers - More than a Game Location: Glasgow, Scotland Roots of Conflict National Identity: Native Scots (Rangers) – Scots Irish (Celtic) Religious Affiliation: Protestants (Rangers) – Catholics (Celtic) Video: The Football Wars

Case Study: Rivalries and History Ali vs. Frazier (1971)“Fight of the Century” Both undefeated Extension of tension in the country Ali came to represent the movement against Vietnam. Frazier became symbol for conservative America Frazier won. (1974) Rematch: Ali won. (1975) Final Fight: Ali won in the Philippines Frazier vs. Ali - Rivals

Case Study: Rivalries and History Miracle On Ice Sport: Hockey U.S vs. Soviet Union Key Match: 1980 Winter Olympic Games Semifinal Importance: Cold War Era Competition between countries. U.S as the underdog story. Miracle On Ice Miracle On Ice

Case Study: India vs. Pakistan Sports as a microcosm of the world India-Pakistan Conflict Fight over region of Kashmir. Both countries have nuclear weapons Conflict Analysis - India vs. Pakistan Tension in the India/Pakistan border Rivalry in Sports How do people live the rivalry?

Group Behavior Affects Conflict: Conformity to our Group Important Studies: Solomon Asch Group Pressure Stanley Milgram Obedience to Authority Irving Janis Groupthink: the tendency of group members to conform by adopting a narrow view of some issue. How are group pressure, obedience to authority and groupthink part of our allegiance as fans to a team?

. Asch Experiment

65% of subjects administered what they thought was lethal voltage on the shock machine. Milgram described the dilemma as a conflict between conscience and authority.

Groupthink

I Think, You Think, We Think Groupthink Groupthink: the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision- making outcome. Characteristics of groupthink include: Illusion of invulnerability Collective rationalization Belief in inherent morality Stereotyped views of out-groups Direct pressure on dissenters Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity Self-appointed mindguards

Groupthink: Illusion of Invulnerability Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks.

Groupthink: Collective Rationalization Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions.

Groupthink: Belief in Inherent Morality Belief that whatever the group does it will be right as they all know the difference between right and wrong. Tendency to overlook the consequences of what they decide. Are we born good people or is morality taught? Are we born good people or is morality taught?

Groupthink: Stereotyped views of out-groups Negative views of those who are different creates conflict. Question: Are we born to hate or are we taught to hate?

Groupthink: Direct Pressure on Dissenters Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views.

Groupthink: Self-censorship Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed Why could self- censorship be problematic on the long run?

Groupthink: Illusion of unanimity The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous.

Groupthink: Self-appointed mindguards Member of a group who serves as an informational filter, providing limited information to the group and, consciously or subconsciously, utilizing a variety of strategies to control dissent

IN-GROUPS and OUT-GROUPS “We all see only that which we are trained to see.”

In-Groups and Out-Groups Social Identity Social categorization divide world into in-group (“us”) and out-group (“them”) When do we start categorizing? Video - Categorization at a Young Age? Video - Categorization at a Young Age?

In-Groups and Out-groups Sport rivalries feed on the distinctions between in-groups and out-groups. So do other conflicts. An in-group is a social group commanding a member’s esteem and loyalty; it is the one we identify with. An out-group is a social group toward which one feels competition or opposition. In-group bias: view our own group more favorably

Jane Elliott's "blue eyes/brown eyes“ Jane Elliott's "blue eyes/brown eyes“ In-Groups vs. Out-Groups 3 rd Grade Teacher Jane Elliott Experiment conducted on the days after Martin Luther King assassination (1968) Wanted to explain discrimination to 8 year olds. Experiment deals with stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the creation of in-group bias.

Glossary Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups. A mental image or judgment of a group based on opinion without regard to individual differences. They can be either positive or negative. ex. Women are nurturing, car salesmen are dishonest Prejudice - A negative judgment or opinion formed about a group without knowledge of the facts. Discrimination - Treating someone less favorably based on the group, class or category they belong to. Discrimination is prejudice in action.

Stereotypes A mental image of a group based on opinion without regard to individual differences. Oversimplification or exaggeration about a group of people They can be either positive or negative. If individuals differ from stereotype, they are treated as exceptions. Which of these stereotypes are attributed to males and which ones to females? Aggressive Dependent Easily Influenced Dominant Passive Home-oriented Talkative Tough Rarely Cries Emotional Cruel

Examples of Stereotypes People: Mothers serving meals to their families Boys playing with action figures Men working on their cars Things and Places: All inner cities are corrupt and sinful Small towns are safe and clean

Prejudice A negative judgment or opinion formed about a group without sufficient knowledge It is the attitude that we have towards other groups It is based on stereotypes

Forms of Prejudice Sexism : prejudice based on a person’s biological gender Racism: prejudice based on a person’s ethnicity Sectarianism : prejudice based on a person’s religious background and/or political beliefs Homophobia : prejudice based on a person’s sexual orientation Disability Prejudice: Prejudice based on a person’s physical or mental abilities Ageism: prejudice based on a person’s age What forms of prejudice are more preponderant in society today?

Sexism Prejudice based on a person’s biological gender Belief that one sex is by nature superior to another

Sexism and the Wage Gap Level of women’s income relative to that of men. 1960s: women earned 60 cents for every dollar earned by men Today: women earn cents for every dollar earned by men

Sexism and the Glass Ceiling Invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper- level positions in business Women and Sports: Journalism Women and Sports: Journalism Males: Is there prejudice towards women’s opinions in sports? What about other topics? Females: Do you feel any prejudice when voicing your opinions about sports? What about other topics?

Disability Prejudice Discuss: Do you think professional sports should strive to incorporate people with disabilities in their competitions or should it provide more competitions for disabled people?

Ageism Ageism in Work Interviews Prejudice based on a person’s age. How does ageism affect you? How does ageism affect athletes, both old and young?

Nazi Germany Olympic Games (1936) German Olympic Games Why did Germany wanted to host the Olympic Games in 1936? Why could this event be considered as more than just a sporting event?

Homophobia Prejudice based on a person’s sexual orientation Homophobia in the Russian Olympic Games Homophobia in the Russian Olympic Games Is it the government’s role to defend those who are being discriminated by other nations? What is the role of athletes in this debate? Some say they should boycott the Games. Do you agree with it?

Forms of Prejudice Come up with at least one real life example for any three of the following forms of prejudice: Sexism Racism Sectarianism Homophobia Disability prejudice Ageism

DiscriminationDiscrimination PrejudicePrejudice Attitudes and Emotions Stereotypes, Ideas, and Beliefs

Discrimination Discrimination is the unfair treatment of an individual because of his/her membership of a particular group Discrimination is prejudice in action

Robert Merton: Patterns of Prejudice and Discrimination The Active Bigot Prejudiced and Openly discriminatory The Timid Bigot Prejudiced, but is afraid to discriminate because of society’s pressures The Fair-Weather Liberal Not prejudiced but discriminates anyway because of society’s pressures The All-Weather Liberal Not prejudiced and does not discriminate

Direct and Indirect Discrimination

Direct vs. Indirect Discrimination Direct discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavorably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law. Example: An employer advises an employee that they will not be trained to work on new machinery because they are too old to learn new skills. The employer has discriminated against the employee by denying them training in their employment on the basis of their age. Indirect discrimination an unreasonable requirement, condition or practice is imposed that disadvantages a person or group because of a personal characteristic. Example: A store requires customers to produce photographic identification in the form of a driver’s license before collecting an order. This may disadvantage a person with a vision impairment who is not eligible to hold a driver’s license.

Discrimination in Society Legal Discrimination System of laws in a society allows for discrimination to occur Ex. Apartheid in South Africa Laws in South Africa distinguished political, economic, and legal rights of white and non-white South Africans Apartheid Laws Institutionalized Discrimination When discrimination and inequality become part of the social structure No necessity for dominant group to intentionally dominate minority group. More difficult to change because it runs deeper than the laws created. White Privilege: the advantages that whites receive because of their skin color. Accumulation of Wealth

Case Study: South Africa Under Apartheid It was a system of government in South Africa from 1948 to This Afrikaans word means separation: the whites were separated from the black Africans and minorities. The white minority ruled the country and the black majority did not have many rights.

How did the world react to Apartheid? A lot of countries boycotted South Africa during Apartheid: they refused to buy its products. Film and pop stars refused to perform in South Africa

Sports Against Apartheid South Africa was absent from international sport events for most of the apartheid era due to sanctions A lot of teams and champions refused to compete either in South Africa or against South Africa

Nelson Mandela He was the most important anti- apartheid leader He spent 27 years in prison for his ideas In 1994 he became the first black president after the first free elections in South Africa. Used sports as a way to unite the country, especially the 1995 Rugby World Cup

How do cultures deal with different groups? From Acceptance to Extermination Intergroup Relations

Treatment of different groups varies from culture to culture and has varied over time Examples: Cultural Pluralism Assimilation Legal Protection Subjugation Segregation Population Transfer Extermination

Cultural Pluralism vs. Assimilation Cultural Pluralism exists when groups maintain their individual identities. In a pluralistic society, groups remain separate, and their cultural and social differences persist over time. Assimilation is a process in which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially. As a society undergoes assimilation, differences among groups begin to decrease. Names Offer Path to Cultural Assimilation Names Offer Path to Cultural Assimilation

Legal Protection Minority Rights protected by law. Ex. Affirmative Action Programs Efforts to correct past imbalances in educational and employment opportunities for minority groups. Give preference to minorities Critics believe it is a form of “reverse discrimination”

Legal Protection in Sports “The Rooney Rule” Requires NFL teams to interview minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operations 2003 – Detroit Lions fined $200,000 for not interviewing minority candidates NFL Coaches

Video Case Study: Alcorn State University First White Head Football Coach

Segregation and Subjugation Subjugation Dominant group controls every aspect of minority group life through force Segregation Minority group is physically separated from dominant group Example: U.S. 1960s Jackie Robinson Kentucky vs. Texas Western Kentucky vs. Texas Western

Population Transfer Dominant group moves minority group to new locations within or outside the country Terezin Soccer League Terezin Ghetto Jewish people played soccer 160,000 Jews lived there 4,000 survived

Extermination Dominant group attempts to destroy minority group Ex. The Holocaust Auschwitz Extermination Camp Nazi Germany Genocide: when the goal of extermination is the destruction of a national, racial, ethnic or religious group

Extermination – Case Study: Rwandan Genocide Rwandan Genocide April 1994 Fight between two ethnic groups Hutu majority conducted mass killings of Tutsi minority Around 800,000 people were killed over a period of 100 days