B.A. (Mahayana Studies) Introduction to Computer Science November March Software What is software? What are the main types of software? Are there alternatives to expensive commercial software? Your computer's operating system (OS).

Intro to CS. 2/Software 2 Overview 1. What is Software? 2. Choosing Software 3. Types of Application Software  office, educational, network, financial, entertainment, groupware, utilities 4. What is a Software License? 5. Alternatives to Commercial Software  shareware and freeware continued

Intro to CS. 2/Software 3 6. The Operating System  your computer's manager 7. Types of OSes  desktop and server 8. Multimedia Applications

Intro to CS. 2/Software 4 1. What is Software? Software is the instructions and its data, stored in electronic form, that tell the computer how to do a task. Software is a computer program.

Intro to CS. 2/Software 5 Application software helps the user carry out his tasks  e.g. word processing, games, business System software helps the computer carry out its tasks.  e.g. draw the GUI, print, manage files  the operating system is the main systems software on a computer e.g. Windows XP, Mac OS X, DOS Types of Software

Intro to CS. 2/Software 6 A computer program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to carry out some task. A computer program is written in a computer programming language. Example programming languages:  Visual Basic, C, C++, Java, Pascal What is a Computer Program?

Intro to CS. 2/Software 7 A Pascal Program

Intro to CS. 2/Software 8 Decide on the type of software you want. Make sure the software is written for your computer  e.g. it works on a PC or Macintosh Make sure the software will work with your operating system.  e.g it works on Microsoft XP or Mac OS X Choose between commercial software, shareware, or freeware. 2. Choosing Software software compatibility

Intro to CS. 2/Software 9 To be compatible, software must be:  written for the type of computer you use  written for your computer’s operating system System requirements list operating system and hardware needs for the software to work  they will be listed somewhere in the software package (e.g. on the box) Software Compatibility

Intro to CS. 2/Software Types of Application Software There are many types:  office, educational, network, financial, entertainment, groupware, utilities, etc. Application software costs money and usually requires the user to sign/agree to a user license.

Intro to CS. 2/Software 11 Office Software Office software package several applications together. They often include:  Word processing, spreadsheets, databases, slides, drawing , etc.  e.g. Microsoft Office

Intro to CS. 2/Software 12 Educational Software There is educational and training software for people of all ages.

Intro to CS. 2/Software 13 Connect your computer to your local network/Internet/Web:  software  Web browsers Network Software

Intro to CS. 2/Software 14 n The Internet is the world’s computer network.  connects millions of computers, in 100+ countries  provides many services, ( , file transfer), but the most popular is the World Wide Web, or Web Started as the ARPANET in 1969  a military network academic research network commercial network. The Internet

Intro to CS. 2/Software 15 The Web The Web presents the user with documents, called Web pages, which can include:  text, images, video, animation, sound A Web page can contain links (URLs) to other pages. A user can follow a link to another page ("surf") by using a Web browser.

Intro to CS. 2/Software 16 Financial Software Personal finance software helps with:  bank accounts, investments, credit card balances Some packages also support online banking:  downloading transactions, transferring funds, paying bills

Intro to CS. 2/Software 17 Entertainment Software Each year, worldwide computer and video game software sales exceed $15 billion.

Intro to CS. 2/Software 18 Groupware Software Groupware allows a group of users on a network to work together on a project. Groupware may provide services for communicating (such as ), group document development, scheduling, and tracking. Documents can include text, images, or other types of data.

Intro to CS. 2/Software 19 Groupware products include:  Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange, Novell GroupWise, Netscape SuiteSpot, Team Talk, NetMeeting

Intro to CS. 2/Software 20 Utility Software Utilities are system software that extends the basic operating system.  e.g. print more easily, change/extend the GUI, fix damaged files, and virus protection

Intro to CS. 2/Software 21 A software license is a legal contract that defines the ways in which you may use the software. Opening the software CD's wrapping means that you agree to the software license  sometimes called a shrink-wrap license 4. What is a Software License?

Intro to CS. 2/Software 22 A single-user license limits the use of the software to only one user at a time. Most commercial software is distributed with a single-user license. A multiple-user license allows more than one person to use a particular software package. A concurrent-use license allows a certain number of copies of the software to be used at the same time. A site license allows the software to be used on all computers at a specific location. Types of Licenses

Intro to CS. 2/Software Alternatives to Commercial Software Almost every type of commercial software has shareware/freeware alternatives:  programs that do the same things, but.. cost much less, or nothing do not have complex license agreements

Intro to CS. 2/Software 24 Shareware is software that you can try before you buy it.  use the software for a certain amount of time for free  if you want to continue using it, you must pay a registration fee Freeware is software that costs nothing  it may be freely copied and distributed Shareware and Freeware

Intro to CS. 2/Software 25 Where to get Shareware/Freeware? There are many Web sites that list them.  tucows,  CNET Download.com,

Intro to CS. 2/Software 26 Downloadable software is usually stored in a self-extracting file  a single file that holds all of the modules for the software  download sites include instructions for downloading  once on your machine, you usually double-click on the file to extract the software

Intro to CS. 2/Software 27 Other Free Sites The Web (Internet) is a source of free software. Be careful. Strange software can do nasty things to your machine. Make sure you trust the software site.

Intro to CS. 2/Software 28 An operating system (OS) controls/manages all the activities in a computer.  Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and DOS The operating system helps the application software and the hardware talk to each other. 6. The Operating System (OS)

Intro to CS. 2/Software 29 The OS helps the application software and hardware talk to each other. OS Diagram

Intro to CS. 2/Software 30 External services  help users start programs, manage data, and maintain security Internal services  help the computer system function efficiently A system resource is part of a computer system.  e.g. disk drive space, memory, processor time OS Services

Intro to CS. 2/Software 31 Desktop OSes  for single-user micros  e.g. Windows XP, Mac OS X Server OSes  for computers that provide storage and communication for networks and Web sites 7. Types of OSes

Intro to CS. 2/Software 32 Microsoft Windows supports lots of application software and peripherals. Current versions of Windows include Windows XP, 2000, Me, 98 MS Windows

Intro to CS. 2/Software 33 DOS stands for disk operating system.  a command line OS without a GUI  the first Microsoft OS  is now part of Windows What is (was) DOS?

Intro to CS. 2/Software 34 Mac OS X An operating system with a GUI developed by Apple Computers, based on UNIX. Mac OS X is the latest version of the Mac OS operating system for Macintosh computers.

Intro to CS. 2/Software 35 Linux A free Unix-type operating system, originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers around the world. A mixed GUI and command line interface.

Intro to CS. 2/Software 36 UNIX A free, multi-user, multitasking operating system that is widely used in workstations and servers. It was developed by AT&T in 1969, and was very important in the development of the Internet. There are now many versions of UNIX, made by different companies, universities, and individuals  e.g Linux, FreeBSD, Knoppix

Intro to CS. 2/Software 37 Three popular server OSes are  Microsoft Windows NT Server  Windows 2000 Server.  Novell NetWare Linux and UNIX are also used as server OSes.  they are free Servers OSes

Intro to CS. 2/Software 38 A multimedia application combines many types of computer-based media:  text, graphics, sound, animation, photos, video This requires more complex (expensive) hardware. 8. Multimedia Applications

Intro to CS. 2/Software 39 Multimedia Hardware

Intro to CS. 2/Software 40 Multimedia requires sound and graphics capability. A sound card lets the computer record and play sounds.  connect speakers, headphone, microphone Multimedia Requirements continued

Intro to CS. 2/Software 41 A graphics card takes data from the OS and draws it onto the screen. A graphics card usually requires special software, called a device driver. A device driver helps the OS control peripherals, such as a graphics card, sound card, printers, modems, etc.