Chapter Three Booklet By: Levi Collins

Section One Vocabulary Kinetic Theory: An explanation of how particles in matter behave. Melting Point: The particles of an object gain enough kinetic energy to slip out of order and melts Heat of Fusion: The amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point Boiling Point: The temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid

Section One Vocabulary Heat of Vaporization: The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas Diffusion: The spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed Plasma: Matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles Thermal Expansion: An increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased

Section One Self-Check 1(Q) List the three basic assumptions of the Kinetic Theory. (A) 1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions). 2. These particles are in constant, random motion. 3. These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their container.

Section One Self-Check 2(Q) Describe the movement of the particles in solids, liquids, and gases. (A) In each of these substances the particles are constantly moving or vibrating. In solids and liquids the particles are compact and are constantly vibrating. In gases the particles are move more freely. They are far apart and the attractive forces between the particles is overcome.

Section One Self-Check 3(Q) Describe the movement of the particle at the melting point of a substance. (A) At the melting point of a substance the particles are moving so fast and with so much force that when the particles collide the electrons from the particles peal off.

Section One Self-Check 4.(Q) Describe the movement of the particles at the boiling point of a substance. (A) As the substance heats up the particles move faster and with more energy to over come the external force pushing down on the substance trying to keep the particles from escaping.

Section One Self-Check 5.(Q) Would the boiling point of water be higher of lower on the top of a mountain peak? How would the boiling point be affected in a pressurized boiler system? Explain. (A) The boiling point would be greater on the mountain peak because of the pressure. The boiling point would be greater in the pressurized boiler system because the substance would have to be greater to give the particles enough energy to escape the pressure of the pressurized system.

Section One Reading Check 477(Q) What is thermal energy? (A) Thermal energy is the total amount energy in the particles of an abject. 477(Q) How are kinetic energy and temperature related? (A) Temperature means the average kinetic energy of particles in the substance

Section One Reading Check 478(Q) What is heat fusion? (A) The amount of energy it takes to change a solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point 478(Q) Why do liquids flow? (A) The particles in liquids have more kinetic energy than solid particles do which allows them to slip past each other, over powering the attractions to each other.

Section One Reading Check 479(Q) How does external pressure affect the boiling point of a liquid? (A) The greater the external pressure is the greater the boiling point is. This is because it then takes longer for the particles to become strong enough to over power the external pressure.

Section One Reading Check 480(Q) What is occurring at the two temperatures on the heat curve where the graph is a flat line. (A) The energy that is added is used to overcome bonds between the particles.

Caption Questions 476(Q) Can you identify the solid and liquid states of water? (A) Yes, You can identify the solids and the liquids. 479(Q) Explain the difference between boiling and evaporation. Boiling is the heating of a substance and evaporation is a filtration.

Caption Questions 482(Q) Explain why ice floats on water. (A) Ice floats because the buoyant force can hold it up.

Section Two Vocabulary Buoyancy: The ability of a fluid—a liquid or a gas– to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it Pressure: Force exerted per unit area, or P=F/A Viscosity: The resistance by a fluid to flow

Section Two Self-Check 1.(Q) Describe The two opposing forces that are acting on an object floating in water. (A) The buoyant force pushing upward and the weight of the object pushing down.

Section Two Self-Check 2.(Q) Explain how a heavy boat floats on water. (A) The buoyant force matches the weight of the ship to keep it afloat

Section Two Self-Check 3.(Q) Use Pascal’s principle to explain why squeezing a plastic mustard bottle forces mustard out the top. (A) As you squeeze the bottle there is air pressure put on top of the mustard. Then the net force under the mustard pushes it out the top of the bottle.

Section Two Self-Check 4.(Q) Use Bernoulli’s principle, how roofs are lifted off buildings in tornados. (A) The air going across the top of the roof is moving faster than the air under the roof creating a low-pressured area above the roof so the roof rises.

Section Two Self-Check 5.(Q) If you fill a balloon with air, tie it off, and release it, it will fall to the ground. Why does it fall instead of float? What would happen if the balloon contained helium? (A) The balloon falls because the particles in the air inside the balloon don’t have enough energy to make the balloon rise. The helium inside the balloon would carry it upward.

Reading Check 485(Q) Why do rocks sink and rubber balls float in a swimming pool? (A) Rocks weigh more than rubber balls so the buoyant force isn’t great enough to hold the rock up.

Reading Check 488(Q) How does pressure change as the velocity of a fluid increase? (A) As the velocity increases the pressure decreases. 489(Q) How does temperature affect viscosity? (A) If the temperature is greater the liquid will flow faster and better.

Caption Questions 488(Q) Define Bernoulli’s Principle. (A) It states that if the velocity of a liquid increases the pressure decreases.

Section Three Vocabulary Pascal: Pressure is measured in a unit called a Pascal.

Section Three Self-Check 1(Q) Explain why gases have pressure. (A) Gases always have pressure because the particles are always moving.

Section Three Self-Check 2.(Q)Describe earth’s atmosphere at sea level. How does the pressure change as the distance from earth increases? (A) There isn’t as much gravity at sea level then there is higher in elevation. As you go increase the distance from earth, the gravity increases until you pass a certain point then there is no gravity.

Section Three Self-Check 3.(Q) Explain using Boyle’s law, the volume change of an inflated balloon that a diver takes to a pressure of 2 atm. (A) As the diver takes the balloon down the balloons volume decreases because the pressure is increasing.

Section Three Self-Check 4.(Q) Explain using Charlie’s law the purpose of a gas burner on a hot-air- balloon. (A) As the air is heated it rises which fills the balloon and makes the balloon rise into the air.

Section Three Self-Check 5.(A) Labels on cylinders of compressed gases state the highest temperature to which the cylinder may be exposed. Give a reason for this warning. (A) If the cylinder is exposed to the wrong temperature the cylinder may explode.

Reading Check 490(Q) How are force, area, and pressure related? (A) They are related because the more area you have there will need to be more force and to get more force you need more pressure.

Reading Check 493(Q) What is P1V1=P2V2 Known as? (A) This is known as Boyle’s Law of Action. 495(Q) According to Charles's law what happens to the volume of a gas if the temperature increases? (A) The volume of the gas will increase.

Caption Questions 490(Q) Explain why the term pressure can be used to describe these forces. (A) This is because pressure is a measurement.

Caption Questions 492(Q) Describe what eventually happens to the balloon. (A) As the balloon gets higher the balloon cant get any bigger and pops. 492(Q) What is the volume of the gas at 100kPa? (A) 500 (L)

Caption Questions 494(Q) Explain how you can determine which gas had the greatest volume change. (A) The gas with the steepest line increase on the chart. 495(Q) If the balloon in the text was placed in a freezer at 5 degrees C What would be the new volume? (A) The volume would decrease.

Applying Math