The Renaissance

Ch.5 Sec 1 The word renaissance means rebirth The renaissance began in Italy and eventually spread throughout Europe Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Urban society- cities are the center of political, economic, and social life As a result people began to view the world in secular terms.

Ch.5 Sec 1 cont. Renaissance was an age of recovery with a renewed interest in the classics. Society started to emphasize individual abilities Leonardo da Vinci- Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician. ( Mona Lisa)

Ch5. Sec 1 cont. Italian Society Upper Class and Lower Class Italian city-states: 1.Milan, 2.Venice, & 3.Florence Milan: located in northern Italy and became extremely wealthy from trade networks Francesco Storza- conquered Milan with the help of mercenaries.

Ch.5 Sec 1 cont. Mercenaries- soldiers who sold their talents to who ever would pay them the most. Florence: dominated north central Italy through a series of wars Cosimo de Medici- took control of Florence and influenced the government from behind the scenes.

Ch. 5 Sec 1 cont Niccolo Machiavelli- wrote the book titled The Prince which is based on political authority. Thesis- of the book focuses on how to acquire and keep political power. Machiavelli pushed to abandon morality as a basis for political activity. ( human nature)

Ch.5 Sec 1 cont Renaissance Society was divided into three classes: clergy, nobility, and peasants Nobility: made up only 3% of population but held important political posts. Castiglione- wrote The Book of the Courtier which described the perfect noble.

Ch. 5 Sec 1 cont Characteristics of “The Perfect Noble” Born into nobility Perform military and physical exercises Gain classical education Show achievements Serve the king in a honest way

Ch.5 Sec 1cont Johannes Gutenberg- played a crucial role in the invention of the movable printing press. This increased scholarly research, and the public’s desire to gain knowledge.

Ch.5 Sec 2 The Renaissance stressed the ability of the individual which led to humanism. Humanism- intellectual movement which studied ancient Greek and Roman works. (grammar, poetry, history) Humanists believed it was their duty to serve the state. Petrarch- called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism

Ch.5 Sec 2 cont. Renaissance Vernacular Literature Dante- wrote the Divine Comedy which is the story of the soul’s journey through salvation. Chaucer- authored the Canterbury Tales which describes English society from the upper class to the peasant class. Christine de Pizan- authored The Book of the City Ladies which defended women against male critics.

Divine Comedy

Divine Comedy

Ch.5 Sec 2 cont. Renaissance Education Humanist movement believed education could dramatically change humans. Humanists focused on the study of liberal arts so individuals could reach their full potential. Females were largely absent from these schools and were to focus on being good mothers and wives.

Ch5. Sec 2 cont. Renaissance Art Renaissance art stressed the reality of nature and human beings became the focal point Fresco painting- painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paint High Renaissance art is associated with three artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

Ch.5 Sec 2 cont. Michelangelo- accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect. (Known for painting the Sistine Chapel. Northern European Renaissance Art was different than Italy’s art because of architecture Jan Van Eyck- one of the first artists to use oil paints which allowed artists to create fine details.

Sistine Chapel

Ch.5 Sec 3 cont. Protestant Reformation Christian humanism- movement associated with worldly thinking that sought to reform the Catholic Church Desiderius Erasmus- a Christian humanist who called his religion “ the philosophy of Christ” He believed religion should guide people daily rather than focusing on a system of beliefs.

Ch.5 Sec 3 cont. Why Reform? Corruption: Popes were concerned with politics rather than spiritual matters Greed: Church leaders used their positions to better their selves financially Selling of indulgences Indulgence- remission from all or part of the punishment of sin

Ch.5 Sec.3 cont. In order to receive an indulgence a person must first confess and then perform an act to receive it. Penance- form of punishment for sins handed down by a church official. Indulgences allowed people to pay for the sin on Earth instead of in Purgatory.

Selling of Indulgences

Ch.5 Sec 3 cont. Salvation- People were uncertain how to gain salvation Protestant Reformation- reform movement that divided the western church into Catholic and Protestant groups. Martin Luther- early leader of Protestant Reformation who wrote the Ninety Five Theses

Ch.5 Sec 3 cont. Major points of the Ninety Five Theses Salvation gained through faith alone Bible was only source of religious truth Attacked the selling of indulgences “ As soon as the coin in the money box rings, a soul from purgatory springs” Monk Johann Tetzel

Martin Luther

Ch.5 Sec 3 cont. Edit of Worms- outlawed Luther’s work within the empire Lutheranism- founded by Martin Luther and considered to be the first protestant faith German Politics in the Reformation Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain who signed the Peace of Augsburg

Ch.5 Sec 3 cont. Peace of Augsburg- agreement that formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. This meant German states could now choose between the two. However the German rulers had the ability to choose the religion for their state.

Ch.5 Sec 4 Spread of Protestantism The Peace of Augsburg officially brought about the division of Christianity Protestantism splits into different groups Ulrich Zwingli- priest in Zurich, Switzerland who brought about reform in Protestant beliefs

Ch.5 Sec 4 cont. John Calvin- wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion and was a leading figure in Calvinism Predestination- God determines in advance who would be saved and who wouldn’t Geneva- city where Calvin brought his religious reforms The Consistory- a special body set up to punish immoral behavior. (dancing, swearing)

Ch.5 Sec 4 cont. England’s Reformation: was rooted in politics not religion. Annul- declare a marriage invalid King Henry VIII- wanted a divorce but becomes impatient with the pope and turns to England’s own church courts. Act of Supremacy of 1534- declared the king of England was head of the Church of England

King Henry VIII

Ch.5 Sec 4 cont. Anabaptists- religious group who disliked the government in religion Major Beliefs: All believers were equal Any believer could be a minister Adult baptism Separation of church and state

Ch.5 Sec 4 cont. The Catholic Reformation Supported by three chief pillars: 1. the Jesuits, 2. papacy reform, and 3. Council of Trent Ignatius of Loyola- founded the Jesuits or Society of Jesus Jesuits- missionaries recognized by the pope to restore Catholicism in Europe.

Ch.5 Sec 4 cont. Council of Trent- gave Catholicism a clear religious doctrine and the pope supreme leadership.