Matter and Energy

 Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space  Chemistry – the study of the properties of matter and how matter changes  Substance – a single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties

Solid – A state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume

a solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

a solid made up of particles that are not arranged in a regular pattern

Liquid – a state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume Fluid – a substance that can easily flow Surface tension – the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together

Viscosity – a liquid’s resistance to flowing Gas - a state of matter with no definite shape or volume Melting – the change from the solid to the liquid state of matter

Melting point – the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid Freezing – the change from the liquid to the solid state of matter Vaporization – the change of state from a liquid to a gas

Evaporation – the process that occurs when vaporization takes place only on the surface of a liquid Boiling – the process that occurs when vaporization takes place inside a liquid as well as on the surface. Boiling point – the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

Condensation – the change from the gaseous to the liquid state of matter Sublimination – the change in state from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state

 Plasma–a gas-like state of matter consisting of a mixture of free electrons and atoms that are stripped of their electrons.

 Physical property – a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance  Chemical property – a characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance

 Weight – A measure of the force of gravity on an object.  Mass – A measure of how much matter is in an object.  International system of units –The system of units (SI) used by scientists to measure the properties of matter.

 Volume – The amount of space that matter occupies.  Density – The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume.  Precipitate A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

 Acid – a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red.  Corrosive – The way in which acids react with some metals so as to eat away the metal.  Indicator – a compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base.  Base – A substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue.

16 Properties of Matter AM CARRIER

17 þ Turns litmus paper RED þ Taste sour, Feel squeeky þ Corrode materials þ Conduct Electricity þ React with bases to form salts and water þ Measure 0-6 on the pH scale

18 HCl hydrochloric acid (stomach) H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid (acid rain) H 3 PO 4 phosphoric acid (Coca Cola) H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid (Batteries) CH 3 COOH acetic acid (Pickles)

19 Turns Litmus Paper BLUE Taste bitter, chalky Feel soapy, slippery Also conduct electricity React with acids to form salts and water Measure 8-14 on the pH scale

20 NaOHsodium hydroxide (DRANO) KOH potassium hydroxide (Tie Dye) Na 2 CO 3 sodium carbonate (baking soda) Mg(OH) 2 magnesium hydroxide (MOM) Al(OH) 3 aluminum hydroxide (TUMS)

Lots of H+ IONS Lots of OH- IONS Few to NO IONS

 Observe: Which samples are acids & which are bases?  Hypothesis: Discuss with your group.  Experiment: Take a clean Qtip and insert it into the solution. Wipe it onto the paper. If it is a Base, it will turn the paper orange; if its an acid, it will erase the orange mark. Test all six substances.  Conclusion: Which are acids & which are bases? 22

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24 Describe the solution in each of the following as: 1) acid 2) base or 3)neutral. A. ___soda B. ___soap C. ___coffee D. ___ wine E. ___ water F. ___ grapefruit

25 Describe each solution as: 1) acid 2) base or 3) neutral. A. _1_ soda B. _2_ soap C. _1_ coffee D. _1_ wine E. _3_ water F. _1_ grapefruit

26 Identify each as characteristic of an A) acid or B) base ____ 1. Sour taste ____ 2. Chalky taste ____ 3. Is corrosive

27 Identify each as a characteristic of an A) acid or B) base _A_ 1. Sour taste _B_ 2. Chalky taste A 3. Is corrosive

 Physical change – a change in a substance that does not change its identity  Chemical change – a change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances  Law of conservation of mass – the principle that the total amount of matter is neither created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical change.

 Energy – the ability to do work or cause change; the ability to move an object some distance.  Temperature – a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.  Thermal energy – the total potential and kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

 Endothermic change – a change in which energy is taken in.  Exothermic change – a change in which energy is given off.

Christine Gray 2013

 a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means; one of about 100 basic materials that make up all matter

 a pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined

 CREATING A MIXTURE IS A PHYSICAL CHANGE. YOU STILL HAVE THE ORIGINAL SUBSTANCES YOU BEGAN WITH, BUT THEY JUST SHARE SPACE!  EXAMPLES: ◦ KOOL AID ◦ PIZZA ◦ TRAIL MIX ◦ SALAD ◦ SWEET TEA ◦ SODA DO ALL THESE THINGS LOOK THE SAME TO YOU?

 HOMOGENOUS – (same) MIXTURES THAT LOOK THE SAME ALL THE WAY THROUGH – CANT SEE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATTER  EXAMPLES: ◦ KOOL AID, SWEET TEA & SODA THESE ARE CALLED SOLUTIONS! SOLVENT – WHAT DOES THE DISSOLVING (usually a liquid) SOLUTE – WHAT DISSOLVES (solid)

 HETEROGENOUS - MIXTURES THAT YOU CAN SEE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATTER ITS MADE OF.  BIGGER PIECES  EXAMPLES: ◦ SALAD ◦ PIZZA ◦ TRAIL MIX THESE ARE EASY TO SEE & SEPARATE! REVIEW VIDEO REVIEW GAME

 Solution – a well-mixed mixture containing a solvent and at least one solute that has the same properties throughout.  Chemical bond – the force that holds atoms together

Molecule – a neutral particle made of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds Chemical formula – a combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound and their proportions

 Atom – The basic particle from which all elements are made.

 Electron – A negatively charged particle that is found outside the nucleus of an atom. Darn

 Nucleus – The central core of the atom containing protons and neutrons.

 Proton – A positively charged particle that is part of an atom’s nucleus.

 Energy Level – The specific amount of energy an electron has.

 Atomic Number – The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

 Neutron – A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge.

 Isotope- An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.

 Atomic Mass– The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

 Atomic Mass– The average mass of all the isotopes of an element.

 Periodic Table– A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.

 Period– A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.

 Group –Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table; also called a family.

 Chemical Symbol–A one- or two-letter representation of an element.

 Nuclear Fusion–The process in which two atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, forming a heavier element and releasing huge amounts of energy.

A class of elements characterized by physical properties that include shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity.

A term used to describe material that can be pounded into shapes. Malleable

A term used to describe a material that can be pulled out into a long wire.

The ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object.

The ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements and compounds.

The gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction.

An element in Group 1 of the periodic table.

One of the elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table.

A machine that moves atomic nuclei at higher and higher speeds until they crash into one another, sometimes forming heavier elements.

An element that lacks most of the properties of a metal.

An element found in Group 17 of the periodic table.

 An element that has some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.