1. The study of matter and the properties of matter
Chemistry Part A Notes
The study of matter and the properties of matter

2. What is Matter?
Matter – anything in the universe that has mass and takes up space.
Examples of matter- air,
all liquids, and all solids.

3. What is NOT Matter? Two common forms of energy are not matter; Light
Heat
Others???

4. What is matter made of?
Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms also have mass and take up space.

5. States of Matter Matter can be a solid, liquid, or gas. Solid – atoms
are packed tightly
Liquid – atoms are spread
apart and bump into each
other
Gas – atoms are really spread
apart, move quickly and bounce
off of each other

6. Types of Matter Matter can either be a pure substance or a mixture.
Pure substances can either be elements or compounds.
Mixtures can either be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

7. Elements An element is matter made of only one kind of atom.
There are 115 known elements.
Ninety elements are naturally occurring.
The elements are organized according to their properties in the Periodic Table.
Examples – Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium, Sodium, Oxygen

8. Compounds
Compounds are 2 or more elements that are chemically combined.
Compounds cannot be easily separated into their elements. Examples;
H2O Water
NaCl Salt
C6H12O6 Sugar/Glucose

9. H2 N2 O2 The gases of hydrogen, nitrogen and
oxygen naturally exist as compounds of
2 atoms of their element.

10. Mixtures
Mixtures are made of different compounds that are mixed together.
Mixtures can be easily separated into the
original compounds.
Homogeneous – substances
evenly mixed
Heterogeneous – substances
not evenly mixed

11. Classification of Elements
The elements are classified into 2 main groups;
Sodium Gold
Metals
Copper
Non-metals
Sulfur

12. Metals Physical properties of metals:
Luster – shiny, reflects light brightly
Conductors – heat and electricity move through metals easily.
Malleable – can be hammered into shape
Ductile – can be drawn into wire
High Density – heavy for their size

13. Non-Metals Physical Properties of non-metals; Dull – not shiny
Do not conduct heat or electricity
Brittle – break or shatter easily
Low Density

14. The Periodic Table of the Elements
In the Periodic Table the elements are organized by their chemical and physical properties.
Rows or, Periods – the elements are identified with increasing numbers from left to right.
Columns or, Groups – are elements that have many similar properties. Sometimes referred to as families.

15. Symbols for the 6 Main Elements
Chemical symbol – shows the element made up of one kind of atom
Know the symbols for these elements
Element
Symbol
Sodium
Chlorine
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen

16. Symbols
Chemical symbol – shows the element made up of one kind of atom
Know the symbols for these elements
Element
Symbol
Sodium Na
Chlorine Cl
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Carbon C
Nitrogen N

17. Chemical Formulas
Chemical formula – shows the symbols for the elements in a compound
Subscript – number written to the lower right of the symbol that shows the number of atoms in the compound
Example – H2O – the subscript “2” means that there are 2 hydrogen atoms in the water compound, no subscript for oxygen means there is only 1 oxygen atom

18. Formulas for the 6 Main Compounds
NaCl
H2O
C6H12O6 O2
CO2 N2

19. Acids and Bases
The pH Scale

20. Physical vs. Chemical Properties of Matter
Physical properties of matter can be observed and measured without changing the kind of matter being studied.
Chemical properties of matter are not usually visible and, a change in the matter does occur.

21. Physical Properties of Matter
These physical properties can be used to identify a substance;
Melting point
Boiling point
Density (heaviness)
Color pH

22. Chemical Properties of Matter
Chemical properties can also help identify a substance. Chemical properties can only be seen when there is a chemical reaction.
Burning
Rusting
Chemical Reactivity

23. The pH Scale
pH is the amount, or measure, of the concentration of acids and bases.
 pH is measured on a scale from 1 – 14
Acids have a pH between 1 – 6
Bases have a pH between 8 – 14

25. Neutral pH
Neutral pH is when a solution is neither an acid or a base. The solution has a pH of 7.
Pure water has a pH of 7.

26. Acidic Solutions  Strong acids are very dangerous.
Acids are identified by their sour
taste.
The lower the pH number, the stronger the acid
Many fruits, such as oranges and lemons, are mildly acidic.
 Strong acids are very dangerous.

27. Basic Solutions
Bases usually have a bitter taste and feel slippery when rubbed between your fingers.
Soap and other cleaners are usually bases
 Strong bases are also very dangerous.

28. pH Indicators
Indicators are substances that change color to help determine whether a solution is an acid or a base.
Common pH Indicators;
Litmus Paper
pH paper
Phenolphthalein

29. Litmus Paper
There are 2 types of litmus paper;
Blue litmus paper turns red in acids.
Stays blue in bases.
2. Red litmus paper turns blue in bases.
Stays red in acids.
3. Turns purple in a neutral solution.

30. pH Paper
pH paper can turn a series of colors, depending on the pH, to determine the pH.

31. Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein turns pink in a strong base and stays clear in an acid.