1. Unit 1: Matter

2. Objective 1.01 Classify matter as elements, compounds, or mixtures Classify matter as elements, compounds, or mixtures PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

3. What is matter? Two properties: Two properties: Has mass Has mass Takes up space Takes up space Each substance is unique Each substance is unique Chemistry – study of the properties of matter Chemistry – study of the properties of matter

4. Elements Cannot be broken down into any other substance Cannot be broken down into any other substance All matter is composed of elements All matter is composed of elements Symbol

5. Compounds Substance made of two or more elements chemically combined Substance made of two or more elements chemically combined Ex: NaCl Ex: NaCl We use formulas --combination We use formulas --combination of symbols to show what elements make up a elements make up a compound compound

6. Mixtures Made from: Made from: two or more substances (elements, compounds, mixtures) two or more substances (elements, compounds, mixtures) They are together, but not chemically combined They are together, but not chemically combined

7. Diagrams of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

8. Objective 1.02 Identify phases of matter by their properties Identify phases of matter by their properties PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

9. Definite Volume Definite Shape Definite Volume Changes Shape Changes Volume Changes Shape

10. Changes in Matter Solid  Liquid Solid  Liquid Liquid  Solid Liquid  Solid Liquid  Gas Liquid  Gas Gas  Liquid Gas  Liquid Solid  Gas Solid  Gas

11. Changes in Matter Solid  Liquid……… Solid  Liquid……… Liquid  Solid………. Liquid  Solid………. Liquid  Gas………. Liquid  Gas………. Gas  Liquid………. Gas  Liquid………. Solid  Gas………... Solid  Gas………...

12. Objective 1.03 Use a phase diagram to determine phases and phase changes Use a phase diagram to determine phases and phase changes PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

13. Phase Diagram

14. Practice Problem #1 Draw a phase diagram where: Draw a phase diagram where: Solid from -15  C to 10  C Solid from -15  C to 10  C Liquid from 10  C to 130  C Liquid from 10  C to 130  C Gas from 130  C and above Gas from 130  C and above

15. Practice Problem #1

16. Objective 1.04 Distinguish between physical and chemical properties and changes Distinguish between physical and chemical properties and changes PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

17. Physical vs. Chemical Changes Physical Physical Changes appearance Changes appearance Doesn’t convert material into new substances Doesn’t convert material into new substances Ex: chop wood Ex: chop wood bend wire bend wire Chemical Chemical Produces new substance Produces new substance “Chemical Reaction” “Chemical Reaction” Ex: rusting Ex: rusting gas burning gas burning

18. Objective 1.05 Identify the location, charge, and relative mass of the atomic particles Identify the location, charge, and relative mass of the atomic particles PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

19. Atoms  Smallest part of an element  Characteristics: 1. Can’t be broken into smaller pieces 2. In an element, all atoms are alike 3. Atoms of different elements are different 4. Atoms of two or more elements can form compounds 5. Atoms of each element have a unique mass

20. Parts of an Atom

21. Objective 1.06 Identify elements on the periodic table Identify elements on the periodic table PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

22. The Periodic Table

23. Objective 1.07 Identify and describe metals, nonmetals, and metalloids on the periodic table Identify and describe metals, nonmetals, and metalloids on the periodic table PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

24. The Periodic Table of the Elements Arranges elements in terms of similar properties Arranges elements in terms of similar properties Elements in columns have same characteristics Elements in columns have same characteristics Parts: Parts: Groups / Families – Vertical columns(#1-18) Groups / Families – Vertical columns(#1-18) Periods – Horizontal rows (#1-7) Periods – Horizontal rows (#1-7)

25. Metals  Location: Left of “Staircase”  Physical Properties:  Hardness  Shininess  Malleable – pounded into shape  Ductile – pulled into long wire  Other Info:  Most metals are good conductors  Transmit heat and energy well

26. Nonmetals  Location: Right of “Staircase”  Lack properties of metals  Most properties are opposites of metals  NOT malleable, ductile, hard, or shiny  Families:  Carbon (Group 14)  Nitrogen (Group 15)  Oxygen (Group 16)  Halogen (Group 17)  Noble Gases (Group 18)  Hydrogen

27. Metalloids  Location: Along “Staircase”  Properties: Some Metal / Some Nonmetal  Seven elements:  Boron – B  Silicon – Si  Germanium – Ge  Arsenic – As  Most are semiconductors  This means they carry electricity under some conditions only Antimony –Sb Antimony –Sb Tellurium – Te Tellurium – Te Astatine – At Astatine – At

28. Objective 1.08 Determine the number of atomic particles of elements on the periodic table Determine the number of atomic particles of elements on the periodic table PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

29. Structure of an Atom Number of… Number of… Protons = atomic number Protons = atomic number Electrons = number of protons Electrons = number of protons Neutrons = atomic mass – atomic number Neutrons = atomic mass – atomic number

30. But what about those numbers… H Hydrogen 1 1.0079

31. Number of p +, n, e - ElementProtonsNeutronsElectrons Hydrogen Potassium Iodine Gold Fluorine

32. Objective 1.09 Determine the valence electrons for any element on the periodic table Determine the valence electrons for any element on the periodic table PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

33. Valence Electrons Electrons farthest from the nucleus Electrons farthest from the nucleus

34. Objective 1.10 Determine whether a pair of elements will bond ionically or covalently Determine whether a pair of elements will bond ionically or covalently PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

35. Two types of bonds Ionic Ionic Between metal and nonmetal Between metal and nonmetal Ex: Sodium (Na) and Bromine (Br) Ex: Sodium (Na) and Bromine (Br) Covalent Covalent Between nonmetal and nonmetal Between nonmetal and nonmetal Ex: Nitrogen (N) and Sulfur (S) Ex: Nitrogen (N) and Sulfur (S) Between a metalloid and a nonmetal Between a metalloid and a nonmetal Ex: Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O) Ex: Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)

36. Objective 1.11 Identify the parts of a chemical equation, including reactants and products Identify the parts of a chemical equation, including reactants and products PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

37. Parts of an Equation REACTANTS  PRODUCTS The elements or compounds we start with “yields” The elements or compounds we end up with

38. Objective 1.12 Identify the four types of chemical reactions Identify the four types of chemical reactions PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

39. Four types of reactions 1. Synthesis Putting two elements together Putting two elements together Ex: 2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O Ex: 2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O 2. Decomposition Breaking compound apart to get two elements Breaking compound apart to get two elements Ex: 2H 2 O  2H 2 + O 2 Ex: 2H 2 O  2H 2 + O 2

40. Four types of reactions, cont… 3. Single Replacement Compound + Element  different Compound + different Element Compound + Element  different Compound + different Element Ex: 2NaCl + H 2  2HCl + 2Na Ex: 2NaCl + H 2  2HCl + 2Na 4. Double Replacement Two compounds  Two different compounds Two compounds  Two different compounds Ex: CaF 2 + Li 2 SO 4  CaSO 4 + 2LiF Ex: CaF 2 + Li 2 SO 4  CaSO 4 + 2LiF

41. Objective 1.13 Distinguish between solutions, suspensions, and colloids Distinguish between solutions, suspensions, and colloids PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

42. Solutions A well-mixed mixture A well-mixed mixture Same properties throughout Same properties throughout Ex: Salt water, Koolaid Ex: Salt water, Koolaid

43. Suspension Mixture in which the particles can be seen and easily separated Mixture in which the particles can be seen and easily separated Usually by filtering or settling Usually by filtering or settling Ex: Italian Salad Dressing Ex: Italian Salad Dressing You can easily see the particles floating in the salad dressing

44. Colloid A mixture with small undissolved particles that don’t settle A mixture with small undissolved particles that don’t settle Larger particles than solutions Larger particles than solutions Ex: mayonnaise, shaving cream, whipped cream Ex: mayonnaise, shaving cream, whipped cream

45. Objective 1.14 Identify the five different types of solutions Identify the five different types of solutions PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

46. Types of solutions… 1. Dilute Solution Little solute, lots of solvent 2. Concentrated Solution More solute, lots of solvent 3. Unsaturated Solution Not as much solute as solvent can hold

47. Types of solutions, cont… 4. Saturated Solution As much solute as solvent can hold 5. Supersaturated Solution More solute than solvent should be able to hold More solute than solvent should be able to hold

48. Objective 1.15 Describe the solution process and factors that affect its rate Describe the solution process and factors that affect its rate PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

49. Factors affecting solubility Temperature Temperature For solids: as temperature increases, solubility increases For solids: as temperature increases, solubility increases Pressure Pressure For gases: as pressure increases, solubility increases For gases: as pressure increases, solubility increases Type of Solvent Type of Solvent Solvent affects how much solute can dissolve Solvent affects how much solute can dissolve

50. Objective 1.16 Identify acids and bases by their properties Identify acids and bases by their properties PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

51. Properties of Acids 1. Tastes sour 2. Reacts with metals 3. Turns blue litmus paper red “Reacts with metals”

52. Examples of acids… Fertilizer (Nitric Acid) Fertilizer (Nitric Acid) Batteries (Sulfuric Acid) Batteries (Sulfuric Acid) Food Food Oranges (Ascorbic Acid) Oranges (Ascorbic Acid) Green, leafy vegetables (Folic Acid) Green, leafy vegetables (Folic Acid) Body (Lactic Acid) Body (Lactic Acid)

53. Acid Rain

54. Properties of Bases 1. Tastes bitter 2. Feels slippery 3. Turns red litmus paper blue

55. Examples of bases… Cleaners Cleaners Ammonia Ammonia Windex Windex Lye Lye Health products Health products Milk of Magnesia Milk of Magnesia Tums Tums Food Food Baking soda Baking soda

56. Measuring Acids/Bases We want to know the strength of acids and bases We want to know the strength of acids and bases pH Scale pH Scale 0 –14 0 –14 Acids: 0-7…….0 is most acidic Acids: 0-7…….0 is most acidic Neutral: 7 Neutral: 7 Bases 7-14……14 is most basic Bases 7-14……14 is most basic

57. A closer look…

58. Objective 1.18 Determine the products of acid / base reactions Determine the products of acid / base reactions PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1 PA Anchor: S8.C.1.1

59. Acid / Base Reactions When you combine an acid with a base, you always get: When you combine an acid with a base, you always get: Water + A Salt Water + A Salt Ex: H 2 O + KCl H 2 O + NaCl