Unit 5 – The Progressive Era (1890 – 1920) President Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
T.R. - The Modern President 1901 – 43 years old Harvard Graduate NY State Legislator Rancher & Cowboy Asst. Sec. of Navy Rough Rider Governor of NY Vice President
The Square Deal 1902 Anthracite Coal Strike (PA) Owners and Laborers won a “Square Deal” Used Presidency to push through his ideals 1904 Re-elected in a landslide over Alton Parker (D) 336-140 (EC) and 2.5 M popular votes
T.R. the “Trust Buster” Created Depts. of Commerce & Labor Elkins Act 1903 (Fines on RRs) and Hepburn Act 1906 (ICC Police & Price Caps on RRs, pipelines, ferries, tolls) Sherman Antitrust Act used in 1904 vs. Northern Securities Co. 1905 vs. Beef Trust
Regulating Food and Drug Industries The Jungle (1906) led to the Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Today the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ensures consumer safety
T.R. The Conservationist Yellowstone, WY (1872) Yosemite & Sequoia CA (1890) John Muir (CA Naturalist) 1905 US Forrest Service (Gifford Pinchot) & closed off 100 Million Acres! 5 National Parks & 51 Bird Sanctuaries Use it, but Don’t Abuse it!
Regulating Water in the S.W. Mining & Farming in dry S.W. led to conflicts over water rights as private irrigation companies came in & claimed river beds. National Reclamation Act (1902) – government regulated to build reservoirs to provide water to several states. Hoover Dam & LA Aqueduct
The Taft- Roosevelt Split William H. Taft (1909-1913) T.R.’s “Handpicked Successor” Taft (321) vs. Bryan (162) Busted 90 Trusts! Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) & Ballinger (Interior) fired Pinchot (Forestry) The GOP was split!
The Election of 1912 Republican Party Split – Taft vs. T.R. T.R. joins Progressive Party or Bull Moose Party and campaigns on the New Nationalism – to continue the era of reforms such as women’s right to vote, workplace protection for men & women, an income tax, and 8 hour day.
Exit Slip – The Square Deal Match the Effect on the Right with the Cause on the Left. The Jungle is published Northern Securities monopolized RR’s in the Northwest Miners & Farmers argue over water rights Taft & Roosevelt Split the Republican Party Newlands Reclamation Act passed Roosevelt joins the Progressive Party Meat Inspection Act is passed Roosevelt earns the nickname the “Trustbuster”
Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913) – lowered import taxes & 16th Amendment – created graduated income tax Federal Reserve Act (1913) –bank reform Federal Trade Commission & Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) – Monopolies 17th Amendment – Direct Election of Sen. 18th Amendment – Prohibition of alcohol 19th Amendment – Women Got the Vote