1. Chapter 21, Section 4 “The Progressive Presidents”

2. Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Square Deal – a nickname for Pres. Roosevelt’s policies that attempted to balance the interests of businesspeople, laborers, and consumers
1902 Coal Miners Strike – he threatened to take over the mines unless managers and strikers agreed to arbitration (first time govt. intervened in a strike and didn’t side with business)
First president to successfully use the Sherman Anti-trust Act to break up monopolies and trusts
TR supported laws regulating businesses
1903 Elkins Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

3. “The Jungle”
Muckrakers helped build support for President Roosevelt’s efforts to regulate big business
Upton Sinclair’s novel “ The Jungle “ published in early 1906 about immigrants working in a meat-packing plant shocked the nation with its description of unhealthy practices there
Pure Food and Drug Act – law passed by Congress in 1906 that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs
Meat Inspection Act – law passed by Congress in 1906 that authorized the Dept. of Agriculture to inspect and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption

4. Roosevelt & Protection of the Environment
T.R. was very worried about the loss of natural resources
2 schools of thought on protecting the environment
Preservationists like John Muir believed that nature should remain untouched so people could enjoy its beauty
Conservationists like Gifford Pinchot of the Forest Service thought resources should be protected so they would be plentiful for future use
Roosevelt preserved more than 200 million acres of land, created Wildlife refuges, and protected national parks like Yosemite and the Grand Canyon in Arizona were protected
Roosevelt & Protection of the Environment
Teddy Roosevelt with
John Muir at Yosemite
National Park

5. John Muir
John Muir – was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness whose activism helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas (also one time UW student)
The Sierra Club was founded by Muir and is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the US
One of the most well-known hiking trails in the U.S., the 211-mile John Muir Trail, was named in his honor as was the Muir Woods National Monument near San Francisco

6. Presidency of William Howard Taft
Teddy Roosevelt did not run for reelection in 1908
The Republican candidate Taft won the presidency in 1908, promising continued Progressive reforms (such as business regulation and opposition to socialism)
As president, Taft upset Progressives by not aggressively pursuing reforms (he felt that TR had claimed too much power as president)
Taft passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909 which raised many tariffs
Roosevelt and Progressives furious with Taft as they saw high tariffs leading to higher prices for consumers

7. Election of 1912
Both President Taft and Teddy Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination for president
Taft won and TR and the progressive Republicans split from Taft and the conservative Republicans
Progressive Party – name for TR’s new party (nicknamed the Bull Moose Party) which sought to further reform govt. and society
With the Republican vote split, the Democratic Party candidate, Woodrow Wilson, won the election without a majority of the votes

8. Wisconsin’s Connection
Attempted Assassination of Teddy Roosevelt
Happened in Milwaukee 1912
Saloonkeeper John Shrank tried to kill Roosevelt
Failed due to glasses case and 50 page speech folded in half

9. Presidential Election of 1912

10. Woodrow Wilson’s Reforms
In his inaugural address, focused on the social well-being of working-class Americans
16th Amendment – allowed federal government to impose direct taxes on citizens’ income
Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 – lowered tariffs, and introduced first income tax
Federal Reserve Act – 1913 law that created the national banking system to regulate the economy
Clayton Antitrust Act – 1914 law that strengthened federal laws against monopolies and trusts
Federal Trade Commission – created in 1914 and had the power to investigate unfair trade practices