Characteristics of the Six Kingdoms

Formerly grouped as one kingdom known as the Monerans. 6 Kingdoms Formerly grouped as one kingdom known as the Monerans. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia These four kingdoms are believed to have evolved from the Archaebacteria.

Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Most cells are 1 -10 μm in size Evolved 3.5 billion years ago Found only in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms Has nucleus Many organelles Cells can be between 2 - 1,000 μm in size Evolved 1.5 billion years ago Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

Types of Nutrition Autotrophs: (able to make own food) 1.) Photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food 2.) Chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron are consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food Heterotrophs: (unable to make own food) 1.) Ingestion: organism eats other organisms or their organic byproducts 2.) Absorption: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside the body, then absorb the digested molecules

Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell Type: prokaryotes (original life form on earth; gave rise to eukaryotes) Body Forms: unicellular Cell Structure: have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane or other membrane-bound organelles. Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs Habitat: extreme environments such as d deep sea volcanic vents, hot springs

Kingdom Archaebacteria Other Important Information: fewer than 100 species are believed to exist Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria, anaerobic bacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria Cell Type: Prokaryotes - considered the “true bacteria” Body Forms: unicellular Cell Structure: cell walls made of peptidoglycans; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane and membrane- bound organelles Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs; heterotrophic forms too Habitat: Common environments – land, water and air; live in and on organisms

Kingdom Eubacteria Other Important Information: extremely diverse – more than 5000 species exist. Ecologically important as decomposers. Symbiotic relationships with humans – mutualistic in gut; parasitic when they cause disease. Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: Anthrax, E. coli, Salmonella, Gonorrhea

Kingdom Protista Cell Type: Eukaryotes Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some multicellular, some colonial Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane- bound organelles; some have cell walls made of cellulose, pectin or silica Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs that use ingestion or absorption Habitat: freshwater and ocean water, in and on organisms

Kingdom Protista Other Important Information: the “catch-all kingdom”; range from microscopic to 150 feet long in size; some are animal-like, some are plant-like; some cause disease. Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: kelp, algae, slime mold, Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena, diatoms

Kingdom Fungi Cell Type: Eukaryotes Body Forms: some unicellular, most multicellular Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles but lack chloroplasts; cell walls made of chitin; some have more than one nucleus and some have openings between adjacent cells Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption) Habitat: most are terrestrial, some live on or in organisms

Kingdom Fungi Other Important Information: Ecological importance as decomposers. Many have relationships with other organisms. In humans-parasitic fungus cause athlete’s foot and ringworm. Mutualistic examples too: mychorrizae in plants and lichens with algae. Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, mildew, mold, truffles

Kingdom Plantae Cell Type: Eukaryotes Body Forms: multicellular Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane- bound organelles; have chloroplasts; cell walls made of cellulose; have large central vacuoles; vascular plants have advanced tissues and organs Nutrition: photosynthetic autotrophs Habitat: mostly terrestrial

Kingdom Plantae Other Important Information: plants are the base of terrestrial food chains; more than 262,000 species exist Sketches of Cellular Examples: Examples: moss, ferns, pine trees, oak trees, shrubs, flowers, grass

Kingdom Animalia Cell Type: Eukaryotes Body Forms: multicellular Cell Structure: have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane- bound organelles; but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; most have advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs Nutrition: heterotrophic Habitat: land, water, air

Kingdom Animalia Other Important Information: the most diverse of all kingdoms in appearance; most are motile (they can move) Sketches of Cellular Examples Examples: sponges, worms, snails, insects (ants, grasshoppers), birds, snake, fish, elephant, human