ICRAT 2004 IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY Elena Turrado and Rodrigo Martinez-Val ETSI Aeronáuticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, SPAIN November 2004

Index Introduction Solutions Supersonic Aircraft Flying Wing NLA A380 a detailed example of NLA Costs Conclusions

Growth will cause the airports to adapt Introduction 5 % per year growth in traffic air means 50% more passengers in 2012. What’s the problem? Slot -constraints Airports & Airspace constraints Growth will cause the airports to adapt To cope with growth, the choice is: Adaptation to bigger aircraft New runways and terminals. Additional airports. More extensive use of air space IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

MORE EXTENSIVE USE OF AIR SPACE (FL 400) Solutions MORE EXTENSIVE USE OF AIR SPACE (FL 400) Supersonic / high subsonic aircraft Flying Wings ADAPTATION TO BIGGER AIRCRAFT New Large Aircraft (NLA) IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Supersonic / High Subsonic Aircraft High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT): It was expected to be introduced into service sometime between the years 2005 and 2015. - Mach 2.0 to 2.5 - 250-300 passengers. - 9260 km Range Sonic Cruiser: It was expected to be introduced into service in 2008 (Project finished in 2002) - Mach 0.95 -0.98 - 100-300 passengers. - 9000 NM Range Advantages : - Reduce Airspace Congestion (FL 400) - Reduce time route (20% less) Disadvantages: - Increase in fuel consumption (+ 30 -40 %) - Increase in Business class charges ( +15% ) IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Flying Wings : Characteristics LARGE CAPACITY & HIGH FLIGHT LEVEL OPERATIONAL CAPACITY The large wing span (up to 99,6 m) exceed the maximum requirement (80 m) by the airport authorities. So, it involve significant modifications to accommodate the size and weight. EUROPEAN LARGE CAPACITY FLYING WING B-747 A380 Track (m) 13,89 11 12,4 Wheel base (m) 30,1 – 35,9 25,6 31,7 IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Flying Wings : Ground Operation GROUND HANDLING - A reduction of height on ground level make difficult the movement of vehicles needed to supply the aircraft. - Passenger boarding/deboarding, with an optimum timearound, involve a minimum of three bridges at the same level. EMERGENCY EXITS At least five type A doors (1,067 m x 1,829 m) are necessary at both sites of the aircraft (leading edge and rear aircraft). IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Flying Wings : Advantages & Disadvantages Airport Compatibility (maximum span 80m) ADVANTAGES (vs. B777-200 /A330-200) Reduced Take-off and landing field length. Less fuel burnt per passenger-kilometre (15% more efficient). 10-20 percent more efficient as a transport vehicle in terms of global transport productivity. DISADVANTAGES Uncommon wing architecture => manufacturing and maintenance problems. Uncommon cabin arrangement => negatively perceived by passengers. Increased passenger and cargo flight loads for increased distance to airplane axis. IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Airport reference Code ICAO/FAA NLA : Characteristics Airport reference Code ICAO/FAA Source ICAO (1999) Source FAA (1989) IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

NLA : Airport Design Impact (1/4) Table : Aircraft Design Group V and VI Comparison IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

NLA : Airport Design Impact (2/4) Table : Aircraft Design Group V and VI Comparison (cont.) IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

NLA : Airport Design Impact (3/4) AIRSIDE: - Pavements : Increase in weight -> increase in tyres - Safety: Fire protection (CAT.10- ICAO/ F ó G - FAA). Emergency Procedures (increase of 30% in passengers.) Deicing facilities and operations (increase in equipment and staff) Object free areas o protection areas of Navigation Aids. - Operations: Wake vortex effects AIRSIDE / LANDSIDE: Gate requirements, Apron separation clearances, Compatible passenger loading bridges and Ground servicing (Spaces, 30% more equipment, capabilities). IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

NLA : Airport Design Impact (4/4) LANDSIDE : More facilities in terminal (check-in desks, security and passport control, Departure lounges, baggage lobbies), parking. ENVIRONMENT - Airport Noise: Below Stage 3 noise levels. - Air quality (emissions): Higher efficiency jet engines. - Water runoff. IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

A380 a detailed example of a NLA IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Costs IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Cost (1/2) AVERAGE COST PER AIRPORT ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT: In base on surveys realised by ACI to American airports of USA (20 answers). Airports which currently operate B747 AVERAGE COST PER AIRPORT Total average : 200 millions € (aprox. 8000 Mill SKK*) Concepts: 80% Airside, 15% Terminal and 5% Operational facilities NOTE: Staff and maintenance costs no included. * 1 € ~ 40 SKK IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Cost (2/2) MAXIMUM JUSTIFIED: 100 Mill. $ (83 millions € ~ 3320 Mill SKK) SOLUTION: INCREASE IN CHARGES Aeronautical tariffs for landing, parking and the use of terminals could rise by up to 25%. Airports Operators point of view (50% of movements currently made by B747s are in the future made by A380s) IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Conclusions IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

CHANGES IN AIRPORT INSTALLATIONS Conclusions (1/3) AIR TRAFFIC CONGESTION - The large aircraft is a good solution to air traffic congestion in airports. - Large capacity Flying-wing is a double solution to airspace congestion. CHANGES IN AIRPORT INSTALLATIONS - Most future generation aircraft will be design group VI (FAA) and Type F (ICAO) aircraft - Possible requirements of operational waivers, restrictions or prohibitions from operating them. IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Conclusions (2/3) FINANCIAL ASPECT Large Aircraft reduce seat-km costs. And at slot-constrained airports, NLA provides growth capacity. Airport Operator should evaluate the cost of adecuate airport infrastructures (in average 200 mill. € per Airport) and the possibly necessary subsidies or changes in tariffs politicy. 4 B747 -> 3 A380 equal earnings per passenger 1 B747 -> 1 A380 revenue from charges AIRLINES AIRPORTS IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Conclusions (3/3) MARKET ANALYSIS Airport Operators => Market opportunity open like Hub Airport operating with NLA. SAFETY NLA reduces separation clearances => Supplemental safety items : Ground looking camera systems, wingtip collision indicators, or reduced speed limits….etc. IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY

Thanks for your attention. Any Questions?