* Some hope of cooling off of tension with death of Stalin, 1953 * Eisenhower & Khrushchev meet several times * Summit 1 * Eisenhower proposes disarmament * Camp David Meeting * Khrushchev calls for us to leave Berlin * Summit 2 * Both sides dig in on Berlin

* Overthrows corrupt Batista * Batista had encouraged American investment since 1930s * Eisenhower’s reaction? * Castro seizes American property in Cuba * Eisenhower cuts diplomatic relations * Creates ______________ * Castro gets aid from USSR * Anti-Castro Cubans go to FL * Monroe Doctrine?

Space Race – ______________, 1957 – Leads to increased funding/emphasis in _____________________ Violation of states rights for education Tied to _________________ More crackdowns on _______

* WW2 * Rebuilt factories * Reshaped economy * Military Economy * Aerospace * Electronics * Research/Development * _____________________ * We controlled flow of oil from Middle East * We double our consumption in 25 years after WW2 * Electricity & Education * 90% are in schools * Electricity increases production * Shift away from agricultural production * Merging of farms

* American Income Increases * Doubles in 1950s * Doubles in 1960s * America has 40% of world’s wealth * Social Mobility * Allowed social mobility * Changed lives of Americans * Funded Civil Rights Movements * Welfare Programs * There’s enough money to spend on these

* American Leadership * We’re the world leader * Women * Service sector grows and employs women * Women in the workforce * 1945: 25% * 1990: 50% * Conflict ________________________ rises in 1960s * LEISURE ITEMS *

* People moving increases * 30,000,000/year * Increases family stress * Parenting books * ______________________ * Sunbelt * ____________________________ * California * Becomes most populous, 1963 * Why? *

* By 1960 * ¼ Americans * Why Do People Move? *

Rosenbergs HUAC Marshall Plan Yalta Conference Baby Boom White lfight Levittowns Mao Zedong Strom Thurmond Mutually Assured Destruction

* Home Constuction * ¼ homes in 1960 had been built in 1950s * Computers * International Business Machines expands * Made smaller * Changed way business was done * Airplanes * Large jets for consumers to fly on * Creation of Air Force One * Labor * White collar > Blue collar

* Many women returned to conventional roles after WW2 * Cult of domesticity reappears * Leave it to Beaver * As 1950s goes on… * Of 40,000,000 new jobs created most were service/clerical * Womens’ jobs * New issues * Betty Friedan *

Expands in post-war – McDonalds, 1948 – First credit card, 1949 – Disneyland, 1955 TVs – 7,000,000 sold in 1951 – 446 TV stations in 1956 Up from 6 in 1946 Sports – Viewing audiences > actual attendance – Show Sunbelt move Dodgers/Giants move to CA

Music – Transformed by Elvis Fused black R&B with country music to create rock and roll – Millions start to listen to popular music Sexuality – Playboy, 1955 – Sexuality becomes commercialized Critics –

* Beat Generation * Rejected traditional art forms * Psychedelic drugs and Eastern religions * Rejected regular work and promoted communal living * Jack Kerouac * Realism about WW2

* Jim Crow Laws * Lynching * Where law did its worst job enforcing laws * 6 African American war veterans, 1946 * Emmitt Till, 1955 *

* Mostly in some North areas after the war * NAACP * W.E.B DuBois * * White Primary * * Jackie Robinson integrates MLB, 1947 * Truman desegregates military, 1948 * Sweatt v. Painter, 1950 * Separate professional schools for blacks weren’t equal * Thurgood Marshall

Eisenhower – Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 – Chief Justice Earl Warren Conservative shocks people – 8 year old Linda Brown Attend the white school which was much closer to her home Represented by Thurgood Marshall – Kenneth Clarke Doll experiment – 9-0 Decision Overturned _________________

* Reaction in Deep South * Border states made effort to comply * Declaration of Constitutional Principles * Resistance to segregation * Some states diverted funds to _+_______________ * Brown v. Board II * * Desegregation happens slowly over next years * Eisenhower Reaction * * Brown upset “customs and convictions of atleast two generations of Americans”

* Central High School * 9 students * Governor Orval Faubus * * Eisenhower *

Rosa Parks – Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. – Dexter Avenue Baptist – From a prosperous family in Atlanta – Articulate, educated – Chosen to lead Montgomery Bus Boycott – Often would go to jail for his beliefs – Nobel Peace Prize, 1964

First one since Reconstruction Created the Civil Rights Commission – Investigate violations of Civil Rights – Authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights Southern Manifesto –

Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee –

* Four students in Greensboro, NC * Woolworth’s lunch counter * Returned with more students over the next few days * ,000 * Became a popular form of protest

Orval Faubus Linda Brown Thurgood Marshall NAACP Betty Friedan

* Dynamic Conservatism * Liberal in people’s lives * Conservative with $ * Guarding Against Creeping Socialism * Wanted a govt. company to compete with TVA * Interstate Highway Act, 1956 * * Effects of IHA

Orval Faubus Linda Brown Thurgood Marshall NAACP Betty Friedan White lfight Levittowns Mao Zedong Strom Thurmond Mutually Assured Destruction

* Richard Nixon (R) * Running mate Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. * John F. Kennedy (D) * Lyndon Johnson, VP * Chosen to appease the South * American people to need to sacrifice to achieve future greatness * New Frontier

* Bigotry in the Election * * Kennedy is Catholic * Kennedy’s response * 14 years of service * Wouldn’t be swayed by Rome * Condemning Catholics to second-class citizenship? * Campaign on TV * 75,000,000 watched * No clear winner *

*

* Kennedy wins BARELY * 303 to 219 * 38,000,000 votes cast * Difference of 120,000 * ___________________________ * Kennedy does well in large industrial centers * Workers * Catholics * African Americans

* TV debates * Why was Lyndon chosen? * Southern Manifesto * Brown v. Board * Orval Faubus

* Young * Wanted to get government moving again * Youngest elected * Reprioritized FBI * More against Civil Rights * Appeal * Harvard educated * Grace/wit * Public call to action * Inaugural address * Ask not what your country can do for you… * Pledges to be strong against USSR

* Kennedy’s programs to move America into a new frontier * Aspects * * Peace Corps *

* Overview * * Kennedy & King * Overall a good relationship * Kennedy is leery of some of King’s associates * Ties to Communism * RFK directed wiretap of King’s phone, 1963

Supreme Court expands its desegregation of buses to extend to bus-stops Freedom Riders – RFK is forced to send in federal marshals to help them

* 98B-0A61-49CD-89CF F09EA21&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

* Wanted to integrate the University of Mississippi * * Governor Ross Barnett * He won’t enroll Meredith no matter what the court says * Violence erupts * 2 killed, 100 injured * Finally * President Kennedy gives radio address to state of Mississippi * President Kennedy sends in troops to restore order

* King sets his sights on Birmingham * ______________________ * King organized marches/protests in Birmingham * _______________________ * They don’t have permits, they are violating the law * Police used fire hoses and attack dogs * George Wallace * Segregationist Governor * Effect of TV *

* King organized a march to Selma for voting rights * ½ of population * Only 15% of voting population * What would be some tactics that prevented them? * Bloody Sunday *

* TV Address, June 1963 * * Aftermath * Medgar Evers is shot * Influential African American with CORE * September * Birmingham church bombing kills 4 black girls * Love that Always Forgives * Nobody prosecuted until 2002

* 200,000 marchers to Washington, D.C. * “I Have a Dream Speech” * Not the first time he gave it * Bob Dylan “Blowing in the Wind”

* Eisenhower Civil Rights * Kennedy Civil Rights * Go Rebels…wait…what? #SECFootball * The wheels on this bus do go round and round #LongSummer * I’m takin us to the moon! #1960s

SCLC Why Lyndon Johnson was chosen Bigotry in 1960 election Eisenhower Doctrine John Foster Dulles

Berlin Wall, 1961 – Soviets threaten to cut West off from Berlin – Begin building the wall Designed to plug population drain Kennedy Speech – Goes to Berlin – Reaffirms support for West Berlin – Says we are all citizens of Berlin Or does he? Trade Expansion – Authorized tariff cuts to promote trading in Europe

* Alliance for Progress * * Bay of Pigs *

* Spy planes take pictures of nuclear missiles being installed * To shield Castro * Blackmail US in Europe * Kennedy’s Response * * Immediate Results * Khrushev removes weapons * US won’t invade Cuba and relieves quarantine * US removes some missiles pointed at USSR from Turkey * Long Term Effects *

* Flexible response * * Increased traditional military spending * Special forces * Green Berets * Anti Guerilla groups

* Problems with FR * Lowers threshold for military action * Provided mechanism for progressive and endless increase use of force * Diem, leader of SV * Ruling since 1954 * Losing support of people * * Catholic in a Buddhist country *

* Kennedy sharply increases “military advisors” * 15,000 * Kennedy cuts support for ____________ * Overthrown * New military government struggles * Generals argue over how to proceed * Viet Cong *

* November 22, 1963 * Lee Harvey Oswald * Oswald is shot * Jack Ruby * While being transferred jails * Cover-up? * Warren Commission * * Nation’s Reaction *

* Characteristics * Driven * Teacher * HOR at 29 * Senate at 37 * Democratic Majority Leader * Egotistical * Gave the Pope a bust of himself * First Days *

1. Brown v. Board of Education 2. Cuban Missile Crisis 3. John Foster Dulles 4. McCarthyism 5. Marshall Plan 6. James Meredith 7. Freedom Rides 8. Dienbenphu 9. New Frontier 10. Southern Manifesto

* Banned ______________________ * Workplace * Public Places * Strengthened power of federal government to end segregation * Federal courts for injunctons * Creates __________________ * * Forbids use of voter registration in a discriminatory manner * Title VII * Gender clause

* Johnson advocates containment * North Vietnamese ______________ * Sounds like what war in Texas? * Johnson orders limited air strike of North Vietnamese bases * Gulf of Tonkin Resolution * * President has complete control * Doesn’t need Congress to declare war

* Lyndon Johnson (D) * Slam dunk * Most liberal platform since Truman * Barry Goldwater (R) * * Results * Johnson wins 61% of vote *

* Extremism is no vice #AUH20 * Probably shouldn’t have done that in Cuba #JFK * The monks, the monks, the monks are on fire. #CatholicismRules!

* Wish to create a rich and powerful society * Sought * * Role model was __________________ * Similar to New Deal * The Other America * 20% below poverty line * 40% of African Americans * Takes huge advantage of large majorities in Congress * Johnson is really skilled

* War on Poverty * Office of Economic Opportunity, 2billion * $1,000,0000,000 to Appalachia * * Economic Opportunity Act, 1964

* Education Bill * Money to students, not schools * Medicare & Medicaid * * Immigration reform * _____________________ * Doubled amount allowed in * Limited Western hemisphere immigrants

* Advocates * * Head Start * Infant mortality rates fell * Critics *

* Voting stats * Only 5% of blacks in MS voted * Ross Barnett * South denied blacks right to vote using… * Promising Development * 24 th amendment * Poll tax unconstitutional

* ___________________________ * June 1964 * 3 workers are arrested and then released/hunted by KKK * 2 Jewish, 1 African American * Brutally beaten and murdered

* Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party * Used Democratic Party policy guidelines to elect 68 delegates * Refused delegate seats, 1964 * Selma March, 1965 * Leads to ________________

* Johnson TV address * Voting rights * Ended it with “We Shall Overcome” * Voting Rights Act, 1965 * * Causes a lot of voters to turn _________ * Acceleration of the switching of the South to (R)

* Gulf of Tonkin Resolution * Great Society * Peace Corps * Medicare * Barry Goldwater

1. Brown v. Board of Education 2. Cuban Missile Crisis 3. John Foster Dulles 4. McCarthyism 5. Marshall Plan 6. James Meredith 7. Freedom Rides 8. Dienbenphu 9. New Frontier 10. Southern Manifesto

* Extremism is no vice #AUH20 * Probably shouldn’t have done that in Cuba #JFK * The monks, the monks, the monks are on fire. #CatholicismRules!

* Watts Riots, CA * 5 days after Voting Rights Act * Stores burned/looting for 6 days * Increasing violence * Law changes didn’t impact de facto segregation * National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders * Because of explosion of anger smoldering in inner-cities * Much more violent stage of Civil Rights struggle for African Americans * People became too impatient with MLK’s ideas

* Most famous militant leader * Background * From the inner-city * Coverts to Nation of Islam * Founded by Elijah Muhammed * White society is oppressive * Black seperation * Allah would create a “black nation” * Spread the philosophy of black nationalism * Eventually separates from Nation of Islam * Mecca pilgrimage

* Black Panthers * * Stokely Carmichael * * Olympic Games * * Afrocentrism, *

* Riots * New Jersey: 25 dead * Detroit: 43 dead * LA * Set fire to their own neighborhoods and attacked police * Assassination of MLK * * James Earl Ray

* White People * * Progress * Voter registration shoots upward * Several AAs elected in the South * 1/3 of black families raised to the middle class

* I agree with that Malcolm X Dude...#WatchOutSNCC * Burn baby burn. #CA * I’ve signed away the South for a generation #SolidNoMore

* Situation Under Eisenhower * Situation Under Kennedy * What Has Happened So Far?

* Started a gradual escalation * North Vietnamese troops & supplies were pouring into South Vietnam * Ho Chi Minh trail * Operation Rolling Thunder * * Escalation * Beg. 1965: 25,000 * End 1965: 184,000 * 1968: 536,000 * War becomes Americanized * Would end the war quickly?

* World * * Charles de Gaulle ordered NATO off French soil, 1966 * Teach-ins * University of Michigan, 1965 *

* Opposition in Congress * William Fulbright (D) Arkansas * Televised hearings on the war * Prominent anti-war people got to air their views * Doubts Within Administration *

* Antiwar protests/violence alarmed many Americans * * Many made their opinions known by writing letters to newspapers * Love it or Leave it bumper stickers

* Resistance to War * * Protest * Many tried to claim disability to duck service * 100,000 fled to Canada * October 1967 * Hey Hey LBJ How many kids did you kill today? * March in Washington * 50,000 people

* Gradually, the public feels they were misinformed * Causes of the war * Winnability * Johnson administration has a __________________________ * Stats in 1968 * 100,000 died * More bombs dropped than in all of WW2 * Realities * Johnson was bent on saving Vietnam and always thought he saw the light at the end of the tunnel * The more the war went on the more the American people became restless

* Viet Cong * Diem * Malcolm X * Freedom Rides * Civil Rights Act 1964 * 15 th amendment

* Tet Offensive * * Images of fighting are shown on TV * People began to express reservations * American military leaders are calling for as many as 200,000 more troops * Johnson is about to go up for re- election

1. Great Society 2. Malcolm X 3. Afrocentrism 4. Watts 5. Voting Rights Act 6. James Meredith 7. Freedom Rides 8. Dienbenphu 9. New Frontier 10. Southern Manifesto

* Why? *

* Many Americans began to look for alternative ways of living * Shown in peoples’ appearance * Hippies * People aware of latest styles * Wanted to look different * Bell bottom jeans * T-shirts * Long hair * Beards * Sideburns

* Griswold v. Connecticut * * More open discussion of sexual subjects * Popular culture * People started living together outside marriage * Slowed down by STD scares in 1980s, but doesn’t reverse it

* Gay Rights * Mattachine Society * Stonewall Inn, 1969 * * Drugs

* Why? * Women are being discriminated in the workplace * Shifting women’s attitudes towards career goals * More are going to college * More are getting into politics * Admitted into military academies

* Title IX * Educational Amendments * Prevented discrimination in any federally supported institution * Sports * Equal Rights Amendment * Passed by Congress would make discrimination because of gender illegal * 38 states had to ratify it

* Opposition to ERA * Led by Phyllis Schafly * Increase the divorce rate * Rate tripled between * Take away right of a wife to be supported by her husband * Right of women to be exempted from military conflicts * Children would grow up neglected * Roe v. Wade

* Free Speech Movement * California Berkeley * Spreads to other college campuses * Woodstock *

* End of the Movement * People get older * People have children of their own * Civil rights movement “ended” * Vietnam War ended * Economic troubles began * They needed to conform to get jobs

* Eugene McCarthy * * New Hampshire Primary * Johnson only wins by 7 points * Johnson Speech * Freeze American troop levels * Maintained status quo * Appeased most hawks and doves * Announces he will not run for president in 1968

* Robert F. Kennedy * * Democratic Convention * * Democrats are divided between Humphrey (establishment) and Gene McCarthy

* Republicans *

* George Wallace * Shot during campaign * Becomes more moderate later in life * Apologizes for his earlier positions

* Doves had no candidate * Nixon wins * million * 301 electoral votes * Wallace * Largest 3 rd campaign ever * 10,000,000 popular votes * 46 electoral votes * Statistics * 95% of African Americans vote (D) * First time since 1848 that president doesn’t bring majority party into Congress

* Legacy * Best president since Lincoln on Civil Rights * Shows compassion for poor, blacks, Hispanics * Country couldn’t decide on “guns” or “butter” * Never give full attention to either * Chose to enlarge Vietnam

US infantry go to a village that is sheltering Viet Cong – Only women, children, and elderly there William Calley Jr. – Orders villagers round up and shot – Only stopped by a helicopter pilot Originally covered up by superiors – When it comes to light Americans are disgusted

Withdraw the troops over an extended period – South Vietnamese could take over their own fighting with American support Nixon Doctrine – Asia will have to fight their own wars without American troops Troop Levels Drop – 1968: 543,000 – 19752: 39,000

* Doves * Most wanted a complete withdrawal * Massive protest movement in 1969 * Nixon’s Reaction * * Unleashed VP to attack * Called anti-war demonstrators bums

* Nixon invades Cambodia * * Brings a renewal of protests

* Kent State * * Similar things happen at Jackson State University

* New York Times publishes articles based on classified information * What They Reveal * * Why Is It Important? *

* Revelations * * After Vietnam War * Nixon continues to bomb Cambodia to help out the government * What Happens to Cambodia * Falls to Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot * Brutal Communist dictatorship * 2,000,000 killed

* Pentagon Papers * Vietnamization * Silent Majority * Khmer Rouge * Kent State * Counterculture

Woodstock Hippies Silent Majority Tet Offensive Ho Chi Minh Trail Truman Doctrine Lyndon Johnson achievements on Civil Rights George Wallace Montgomery Bus Boycott Malcolm X

* Russia & China fight over Communism * Nixon decides to play them off each other * Henry Kissinger * Sec of State * Similar to Nixon * Liked to keep information secret * Nobel Peace Prize

* Timeline * Meet with ambassadors, 1/1970 * Nixon refers to them by name, 10/1970 * US lifts travel restrictions to China, 3/1971 * Ping Pong diplomacy, 4/1971 * Ended embargo, 6/1971 * Nixon visits China, 2/1972 * Why? * Chinese friendship could be used to bargain against USSR * Diplomatic boost * Nixon Chinese Visit * Enjoyed toasts * Visits Great Wall * Agreed to “one China” concept

* Nixon goes to USSR, 1972 * Soviets want to talk * Need food * Alarmed about our friendliness with China * Nixon and Brezhnev * * Helps lead to the end of the Cold War and Détente

* Warren Court * Earl Warren * Appointed by Eisenhower * _____________________ * Engle v. Vitale, 1963 * ___________________ * Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 * ___________________ * Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 * ________________________

* Nixon’s appointments * Several vacancies * Nixon wanted * * Nixon appoints Warren Burger *

* Golden Flashes? More like Golden guns. #ViolenceAtSchool * I love to play ping pong. #ForrestGump * I believe in the non-violent protests of Gandhi #SCLC

* Economic Situation * Did not have another productivity advance like 50s and 60s * Median income stagnated in 1970s * Faced the prospect of a standard of living lower than their parents

Women and Teenagers – Increasing presence in the workforce Shift from manufacturing to services – Harder to measure productivity

* Welfare * Expanded programs * Food Stamps * Medicaid * Add Department of Children and Families * Cost of living increases for Social Security * Expands affirmative action * * Environment * * Inflation *