HOW WEATHERING AND EROSION AFFECT THE OCEANS SALINITY ESS 8.8.10

OCEAN SALINITY OCEAN WATER CONTAINS MANY DIFFERENT DISSOLVED SALTS. THESE SALTS COME FROM RIVERS AND GROUNDWATER SLOWLY DISSOLVING ELEMENTS SUCH AS CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND SODIUM FROM ROCKS AND MINERALS. RIVERS TRANSPORT THESE ELEMENTS TO THE OCEAN. ERUPTING VOLCANOS ADD ELEMENTS, SUCH AS SULFUR AND CHLORINE TO THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS.

SALTS IN SEAWATER CHLORIDE 55% SODIUM 30.6% SULFATE 7.7% MAGNESIUM 3.7% CALCIUM 1.2% POTASSIUM 1.1% OTHERS 0.7%

OCEAN SALINITY RIVERS THAT FLOW TO THE OCEAN DISSOLVE SODIUM ALONG THE WAY. VOLCANOES ADD CHLORINE GAS. MOST OF THE SALT IN SEAWATER IS MADE OF SODIUM AND CHLORINE. ALTHOUGH RIVERS, VOLCANOES, AND THE ATMOSPHERE CONSTANTLY ADD SUBSTANCES TO THE OCEAN, THE OCEANS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE IN A STEADY STATE.

OCEAN SALINITY AS NEW SUBSTANCES COME IN, ELEMENTS ARE REMOVED FROM SEAWATER BY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND BY BECOMING SEDIMENT. SEA ANIMALS AND ALGAE USED DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES. MARINE ANIMALS USE CALCIUM TO FORM BONES. OTHER ANIMALS, SUCH AS OYSTERS AND CLAMS, USE CACIUM TO FORM SHELLS.

OCEAN SALINITY SOME ALGAE, CALLED DIATOMS, HAVE SILICA SHELLS. BECAUSE MANY ORGANISMS USE CALCIUM AND SILICA, THESE IONS ARE REMOVED MORE QUICKLY FROM SEAWATER THAN ARE SUBSTANCES SUCH AS CHLORIDE OR SODIUM. IRON IS REMOVED MORE QUICKLY BECAUSE IRON FORMS SOLIDS THAT FALL TO THE OCEAN FLOOR. VOLCANOES, GROUNDWATER AND RIVERS ADD SALTS TO SEAWATER.

REVIEW FOR ESS 8.8.9 & 8.8.10 1. THE AMOUNT OF RAIN, THE TIME SPAN OVER WHICH IT FALLS, THE SLOPE OF THE LAND, AMOUNT OF VEGETATION, AND WHAT TYPE OF SOIL IT RUNS ACROSS, ARE ALL FACTORS AFFECTING _________. A. CREEP B. RUNOFF C. SALINITY D. GRAVITY 2. GULLY EROSION CAN TURN INTO A ____________. A. RILL B. RUNOFF C. MEANDER D. STREAM 3. EARTH’S __________ FORCE PULLS OBJECTS TOWARD IT’S CENTER OF MASS. A. SALINITY B. EROSION C. GULLY D. GRAVITATIONAL 4. THE LAND AREA FROM WHICH A STREAM GETS IT’S WATER IS CALLED A _____. A. MEANDER B. OXBOW LAKE C. DRAINAGE BASIN D. SALT MARSH

REVIEW 5. A CURVE THAT FORMS IN A STREAM IS CALLED A ____________. A. MEANDER B. BASIN C. SINKHOLE D. BOXBOW 6. THIS STREAM HAS WHITEWATER RAPIDS AND WATERFALLS. A. OLD AGE B. MATURE C. YOUNG D. DEAD 7. THE LARGEST DRAINAGE BASIN IN THE U. S. IS THE__________. A. OZARK B. MISSOURI C. COLORADO D. MISSISSIPPI 8. AS OBJECTS DROP TO EARTH’S SURFACE, YHEY PICK UP _______. A. POLLUTION B. SPEED C. WEIGHT D. MASS 9. SCARS LEFT ON SLOPES WHERE WATER ERODED THE PLANTS AND SOIL. A. GULLIES B. STREAMS C. BASIN D. RILLS

REVIEW 10. LARGER STREAMS CAN MERGE, FORMING A LARGER BODY OF WATER CALLED A _________. A. GULLY B. RIVER C. RILL D. BASIN 11. RILL EROSION CAN TURN INTO ________ EROSION. A. BASIN B. GULLY C. GLACIAL D. RUNOFF 12. IN THIS STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT, THE STREAM IS STARTING TO FORM CURVES. A. OLD AGE B. YOUNG C. MATURE D. DEAD 13. A STREAM THAT FLOWS THROUGH A STEEP VALLEY WHICH HAS STEEP SIDES . A. OLD AGE B. YOUNG C. MATURE D. DEAD 14. ALL THE WATER IN A ___________ EVENTUALLY FLOWS TO A DRAINAGE BASIN. A. OCEAN SYSTEM B. OLD AGE SYSTEM C. RIVER SYSTEM D. MEANDER SYSTEM

REVIEW 15. A YOUNG STREAM HAS MORE ENERGY OF MOTION , SO IT CAN __________ MORE. A. ERODE B. SLOW DOWN C. EVAPORATE D. MEANDER 16. THE LAST STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT. A. MATURE B. OLD AGE C. YOUNG D. DEAD 17. WATER FLOWING DOWN A SLOPE IS EVIDENCE OF ___________. A. GROUNDWATER B. CREEP C. MEANDERS D. GRAVITY 18. THE STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT WITH LOTS OF MEANDERS AND OXBOW LAKES. 19. OCEAN WATER CONTAINS MANY DIFFERENT SALTS THAT COMES FROM ______. A. THE OCEAN B. SHRIMP C. RIVERS D. GLACIERS

REVIEW 20. SOME ALGAE, CALLED ________, HAVE SILICA SHELLS. A. SHRIMP B. STARFISH C. DIATOMS D. ANEMONES 21. ERUPTING VOLCANOES ADD ELEMENTS SUCH AS ___________ TO THE OCEANS. A. SULFUR AND CHLORINE B. DIOXIDE AND OZONE C. MONOXIDE AND CARBON D. DIOXIDE AND RUBIDIUM 22. THE 2 MOST ABUNDANT SALTS IN SEAWATER ARE CHLORIDE AND _________. A. DIOXIDE B. RUBIDIUM C. CALCIUM D. SODIUM 23. THE CORRECT ORDER OF A DRAINAGE BASIN IS: A. GULLY, RILLS, RIVER, STREAM B. RIVER, GULLY, STREAM, RILLS C. RILLS, GULLY, STREAM, RIVER D. RIVER, RILL, STREAM, GULLY 24. A MEANDER THAT HAS BEEN CUT OFF BY DEPOSITION. A. CROSSBOW LAKE B. OXBOW LAKE C. OXBOW RIVER D. CROSSOVER LAKE 25. THE BROAD, FLAT VALLEY FLOOR CARVED BY A MEANDERING STREAM IS CALLED A _____ A. CROSSBOW LAKE B. CANYON C. RAPIDS D. FLOODPLAIN

26. WHAT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IS THIS STREAM IN? REVIEW 26. WHAT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IS THIS STREAM IN? A. OLD AGE B. MATURE C. YOUNG D. DEAD

27. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? REVIEW 27. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? A. YOUNG B. DEAD C. OLD AGE D. MATURE

28. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? REVIEW 28. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? A. OLD AGE B. YOUNG C. DEAD D. MATURE

29. WHAT DOES THIS DIAGRAM REPRESENT? REVIEW 29. WHAT DOES THIS DIAGRAM REPRESENT? A. OZARK PLATEAU B. NEW MADRID FAULT C. HIGHWAY 40 NORTH D. CROWLEY’S RIDGE

30. WHAT DOES THE LIGHT COLORED AREA BELOW THE WHITE LINE REPRESENT? REVIEW 30. WHAT DOES THE LIGHT COLORED AREA BELOW THE WHITE LINE REPRESENT? A. SOUTHERN PLATEAU B. COASTAL PLAINS C. INTERIOR PLAINS D. ROCKY MOUNTAINS

31. WHAT DOES THIS AREA REPRESENT? REVIEW 31. WHAT DOES THIS AREA REPRESENT? A. INTERIOR PLAINS B. CENTRAL PLATEAU C. OZARK PLATEAU D. COASTAL PLAINS

32. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. REVIEW 32. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. A. PLATEAU B. MOUNTAIN C. HIGHWAY MAP D. DELTA

33. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS ____. REVIEW 33. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS ____. A. STREAM EROSION B. RILL EROSION C. RIVER EROSION D. GULLY EROSION

34. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS____. REVIEW 34. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS____. A. GULLY EROSION B. RILL EROSION C. STREAM EROSION D. RIVER EROSION

35. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. REVIEW 35. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. A. PLATEAU B. PLAINS C. SWAMP D. SHORELINE

36. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? REVIEW 36. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? A. 400 M B. 100 M C. 200 M D. 600 M

REVIEW 37. HOW TALL IS BAKER HILL? A. 10M B. 30M C. 50M D. 20M 38. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? A. 5M B. 10M C. 20M D. 50M 39. APPROXIMATELY HOW TALL IS ABLE HILL? A. 10M B. 20M C. 30M D. 40M 40. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THIS TYPE OF MAP? A. HYROGLYPHIC B. TOPOGRAPHIC C. ROBINSON D. CONIC

TEST FOR ESS 8.8.9 & 8.8.10 1. THE AMOUNT OF RAIN, THE TIME SPAN OVER WHICH IT FALLS, THE SLOPE OF THE LAND, AMOUNT OF VEGETATION, AND WHAT TYPE OF SOIL IT RUNS ACROSS, ARE ALL FACTORS AFFECTING _________. A. CREEP B. GRAVITY C. SALINITY D. RUNOFF 2. GULLY EROSION CAN TURN INTO A ____________. A. RILL B. RUNOFF C. MEANDER D. STREAM 3. EARTH’S __________ FORCE PULLS OBJECTS TOWARD IT’S CENTER OF MASS. A. GRAVITATIONAL B. EROSION C. GULLY D. SALINITY 4. THE LAND AREA FROM WHICH A STREAM GETS IT’S WATER IS CALLED A _____. A. MEANDER B. DRAINAGE BASIN C. OXBOW LAKE D. SALT MARSH

TEST 4 5. A CURVE THAT FORMS IN A STREAM IS CALLED A ____________. A. BOXBOW B. BASIN C. SINKHOLE D. MEANDER 6. THIS STREAM HAS WHITEWATER RAPIDS AND WATERFALLS. A. OLD AGE B. MATURE C. DEAD D. YOUNG 7. THE LARGEST DRAINAGE BASIN IN THE U. S. IS THE__________. A. OZARK B. MISSISSIPPI C. COLORADO D. MISSOURI 8. AS OBJECTS DROP TO EARTH’S SURFACE, THEY PICK UP _______. A. SPEED B. POLLUTION C. WEIGHT D. MASS 9. SCARS LEFT ON SLOPES WHERE WATER ERODED THE PLANTS AND SOIL. A. RILLS B. STREAMS C. BASIN D. GULLIES

TEST 4 10. LARGER STREAMS CAN MERGE, FORMING A LARGER BODY OF WATER CALLED A _________. A. GULLY B. RILL C. RIVER D. BASIN 11. RILL EROSION CAN TURN INTO ________ EROSION. A. GULLY B. BASIN C. GLACIAL D. RUNOFF 12. IN THIS STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT, THE STREAM IS STARTING TO FORM CURVES. A. MATURE B. YOUNG C. OLD AGE D. DEAD 13. A STREAM THAT FLOWS THROUGH A STEEP VALLEY WHICH HAS STEEP SIDES . A. OLD AGE B. MATURE C. YOUNG D. DEAD 14. ALL THE WATER IN A ___________ EVENTUALLY FLOWS TO A DRAINAGE BASIN. A. OCEAN SYSTEM B. OLD AGE SYSTEM C. RIVER SYSTEM D. MEANDER SYSTEM

TEST 4 15. A YOUNG STREAM HAS MORE ENERGY OF MOTION , SO IT CAN __________ MORE. A. EVAPORATE B. SLOW DOWN C. ERODE D. MEANDER 16. THE LAST STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT. A. MATURE B. DEAD C. YOUNG D. OLD AGE 17. WATER FLOWING DOWN A SLOPE IS EVIDENCE OF ___________. A. GROUNDWATER B. GRAVITY C. MEANDERS D. CREEP 18. THE STAGE OF STREAM DEVELOPMENT WITH LOTS OF MEANDERS AND OXBOW LAKES. A. OLD AGE B. MATURE C. YOUNG D. DEAD 19. OCEAN WATER CONTAINS MANY DIFFERENT SALTS THAT COME FROM ______. A. RIVERS B. SHRIMP C. THE OCEAN D. GLACIERS

TEST 4 20. SOME ALGAE, CALLED ________, HAVE SILICA SHELLS. A. SHRIMP B. STARFISH C. ANEMONES D. DIATOMS 21. ERUPTING VOLCANOES ADD ELEMENTS SUCH AS ___________ TO THE OCEANS. A. MONOXIDE AND CARBON B. DIOXIDE AND OZONE C. SULFUR AND CHLORINE D. DIOXIDE AND RUBIDIUM 22. THE 2 MOST ABUNDANT SALTS IN SEAWATER ARE CHLORIDE AND _________. A. DIOXIDE B. SODIUM C. CALCIUM D. RUBIDIUM 23. THE CORRECT ORDER OF A DRAINAGE BASIN IS: A. GULLY, RILLS, RIVER, STREAM B. RIVER, GULLY, STREAM, RILLS C. RIVER, RILL, STREAM, GULLY D. RILLS, GULLY, STREAM, RIVER 24. A MEANDER THAT HAS BEEN CUT OFF BY DEPOSITION. A. OXBOW LAKE B. CROSSBOW LAKE C. OXBOW RIVER D. CROSSOVER LAKE 25. THE BROAD, FLAT VALLEY FLOOR CARVED BY A MEANDERING STREAM IS CALLED A _____ A. CROSSBOW LAKE B. CANYON C. FLOODPLAIN D. RAPIDS

26. WHAT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IS THIS STREAM IN? TEST 4 26. WHAT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IS THIS STREAM IN? A. OLD AGE B. DEAD C. YOUNG D. MATURE

27. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? TEST 4 27. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? A. OLD AGE B. DEAD C. YOUNG D. MATURE

28. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? TEST 4 28. WHAT STAGE IS THIS STREAM? A. YOUNG B. OLD AGE C. DEAD D. MATURE

29. WHAT DOES THIS DIAGRAM REPRESENT? TEST 4 29. WHAT DOES THIS DIAGRAM REPRESENT? A. OZARK PLATEAU B. NEW MADRID FAULT C. CROWLEY’S RIDGE D. HIGHWAY 40 NORTH

30. WHAT DOES THE LIGHT COLORED AREA BELOW THE WHITE LINE REPRESENT? TEST 4 30. WHAT DOES THE LIGHT COLORED AREA BELOW THE WHITE LINE REPRESENT? A. SOUTHERN PLATEAU B. COASTAL PLAINS C. INTERIOR PLAINS D. ROCKY MOUNTAINS

31. WHAT DOES THIS AREA REPRESENT? TEST 4 31. WHAT DOES THIS AREA REPRESENT? A. CENTRAL PLATEAU B. INTERIOR PLAINS C. OZARK PLATEAU D. COASTAL PLAINS

32. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. TEST 4 32. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. A. PLATEAU B. MOUNTAIN C. HIGHWAY MAP D. DELTA

33. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS ____. TEST 4 33. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS ____. A. GULLY EROSION B. RILL EROSION C. RIVER EROSION D. STREAM EROSION

34. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS____. TEST 4 34. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS____. A. GULLY EROSION B. STREAM EROSION C. RILL EROSION D. RIVER EROSION

35. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. TEST 4 35. THIS PICTURE REPRESENTS A ______. A. PLATEAU B. PLAINS C. SHORELINE D. SWAMP

36. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? TEST 4 36. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? A. 400 M B. 200 M C. 100 M D. 600 M

TEST 4 37. HOW TALL IS BAKER HILL? A. 10M B. 30M C. 20 M D. 50 M 38. WHAT IS THE CONTOUR INTERVAL ON THIS MAP? A. 5M B. 10M C. 20M D. 50M 39. APPROXIMATELY HOW TALL IS ABLE HILL? A. 10M B. 20M C. 40 M D. 30 M 40. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THIS TYPE OF MAP? A. HYROGLYPHIC B. TOPOGRAPHIC C. ROBINSON D. CONIC