2. Chapter 9

4. 1. Water cycle- Each part of the cycle drives the other parts.

5. A.____________- water changing to water vaporevaporation

6. A. ____________________ - evaporation from ice;sublimation

7. A. from plants evaporation transpiration

8. B. -changing water vapor into liquid form condensation

9. C. - liquid or solid form of water falling to Earth precipitation

10. 2.________-rainwater that does not soak into the ground or evaporate runoff

11. 3. Factors that influence runoff: A. type of land B. slope C. amount of rain D. time span in which rain falls E. amount of vegetation F. climate/temperature

12. 4. Water Erosion

13. A. small streams form and erode a groove into the land; if it continues a gully will form A. rill and gully erosion (channel)

14. B.____________-flat areas are flooded and sediments are carried away. sheet erosion

15. C. ____________ -water continually erodes the same path making a__________ and ___________ river stream erosion deeper wider

16. 1) -lightweight particles carried by a stream suspended load

17. 2)_____________-the heavier sediments that are rolled along the bottom of a stream bedload

18. river systems 5. ____________ and smaller streams a network of rills, gullies, which join to form rivers

19. 6.____________ the land watered by the river system; the land from which the river collects drainage basin runoff

20. 7. Stages of stream development:

21. A. ___________ moves, may have white water rapids and waterfalls; high level of energy; erodes young stream swiftly bottomsidesfaster than the

22. mature stream B.___________________flows less swiftly; erodes waterfall rocks away; more gentle gradient; begins to _____________ (curve back and forth) meander

23. old stream C. __________flows slowly through a floodplain; has ______ meanders wide

24. Meandering

25. oxbow lake D.___________a piece of a meander that has been cut off from the main river

27. floodplain E.___________ fertile area covered by sediment caused by frequent flooding

28. delta 8.______sediments dropped in a _____ shape at the mouth of a river fan

29. levee 9.________an earthen barrier built along a river

30. groundwater 10. ____________water that sinks (leaches) into the porous parts of Earth’s crust (about 90% of all fresh water)

31. porosity 11. ________the amount of water a rock can hold

32. permeability 12. ___________ rocks with a _______ density; many spaces low

33. impermeability 13.________________rocks with a ____ density; tightly packed high

34. 14. __________ permeable rock layers that allow water to flow freely aquifer

35. 15._____________- upper surface of the zone of saturation water table

36. A._________________ -area where water fills up a permeable layer. Zone of saturation

37. B. ___________________- area of crust filled with air Zone of aeration

38. 16. __________ - water under pressure raises to the surface because of the abundance of water in an aquifer. artesian well

39. 17._____________- where the water table is close to the Earth’s surface, water may ooze out to form a spring; ________________- form when groundwater comes in contact with hot underground rocks. spring hot springs

40. 18. ____________- hot springs that are forced upward through A small opening geysers

41. 19. ____________________- an underground area that has been eroded by ______________________ (carbonation) cave or cavern chemical weathering

42. 20._____________- “V” icicle-like structures formed By calcium carbonate left behind from dripping water stalactite

43. 21. ________________ - “^ ” deposits of calcium Carbonate that build up on the floor of a cave or cavern. stalagmite

44. 22. ____________- funnel-shaped depressions that are formed when rainwater dissolves underground rock ______________ sinkholes near the surface

45. 23. __________________- area that lies between high and low tide; affected by ____________, _____________, and _________. shore zone waves currentstides

46. 24. ________________ - ocean current that flows _______________ to the shore. longshore current parallel

47. 25. _____________ - narrow ocean current that flows at a right angle from the shore. rip current

48. 26. _____- material found on shoreline made from ____________, _____________, and other shoreline materials. sand broken rocks shells

49. 27. _______________-sand deposits accumulate and form islands__________________ to the mainland. barrier islands parallel