1. Chapter 10 Lesson 1 How Does Earth’s surface change?
Earth’s Features:
Landforms on Earth are shaped and changed over time by many natural causes like wind and water.
Glaciers: huge masses of slowly moving ice that carry huge amounts of rock and soil
Sediment: solid particles (rock, sand, soil, dead organisms)

2. Weathering and Erosion:
Many changes to Earth’s landforms can only be seen over thousands of years.
Weathering: process of breaking down rock into smaller pieces
Mechanical weathering: when water or ice breaks rock into smaller pieces but the minerals that make up the rock are NOT changed.

3. Chemical weathering: the actual minerals that make up the rock change
Chemical weathering: the actual minerals that make up the rock change. Water, pollution, etc can chemically change rock.

4. Erosion: weathered rock and soil (sediment) is moved from one place to another by wind, water, ice, gravity, etc.
Weathering and erosion continuously change Earth’s landforms.

5. Lesson 2 How does water affect Earth’s features?
Deposition: sediment that is eroded by wind or water is dropped in a new location when energy is removed.
When sediment is deposited, it lands on top or buries the land that was already there.
When sediment drops at the mouth of rivers, new land called deltas form.

6. Minerals in Lakes and Oceans
As rivers flow into oceans, they carry sediments and dissolved minerals (salt)
Rivers carry about 4 billion tons of salt to oceans every year. As water evaporates it leaves the salt behind.
River Systems: streams begin in higher elevations and gravity pulls the water downward picking up sediment as it flows.
When smaller bodies of water empty in larger bodies of water, it slows down and drops sediment to the bottom.
Floodplain: areas along rivers that will be flooded when the rivers overflow their banks.

7. Lesson 3 How do waves affect coastal landforms?
Wave energy: ocean waves carry and pass along energy
Waves move in a circular motion, slightly forward then downward. After a wave, the water ends up about where it was before the wave.
Tubular- water folds over the top and water breaks or falls down

8. Causes of Waves
Wind is often the cause of waves seen at the beach.
Size of the wave depends on the speed of the wind, how long it blows, etc.
Waves can also form from tectonic plate movement. (under water earthquakes, tsunamis)