Role Reversal & East Asia’s Climb Back to Centrality East Asia in the 20 th Century Prior to WWII

Review China’s Road to1911

Review: China’s Road to 1911 In the centuries prior to 1800: 1. China maintained Middle Kingdom ideal amidst Europeans’ resistance to tribute system 2. Opium Wars, unequal treaties, spheres of influence 3. Taiping & Boxer Rebellions

1911  End of Dynastic System in China

In your opinion, what was the major cause of China’s decline in the 1800s? Why?

Review: Japan on Opposite Path

ReviewJapan’sRevolutionary 19 th Century

Review: Japan on Opposite Path 1. Samurai lose wealth/ importance = sign of crumbling social structure  “Meiji Restoration” 2. Meiji = modernization Social reforms, economic reforms, political reformsSocial reforms, economic reforms, political reforms 3. Imperialism = world power? : Sino-Japanese War = Korea & Taiwan : Sino-Japanese War = Korea & Taiwan : Russo-Japanese War = Manchuria : Russo-Japanese War = Manchuria  These victories mark Japan’s arrival as a world power

1910 Japan’s emerging Asian empire Japan’s emerging Asian empire

Post-Dynastic China

Decline of Qing dynasty leads to disorder b/t 1911 & 1949

China Periodization: : the “Phantom Republic” : the Guomindang’s China 1931: Japan invades Manchuria : 2 nd Sino-Japanese War World War II & intertwined histories : Chinese Civil War resumes

China : the “Phantom Republic” Early, factions vie for power : Landlords (led by Yuan Shikai) Landlords (led by Yuan Shikai) Nationalists (led by Sun Yat-sen) Nationalists (led by Sun Yat-sen) Communists (led by Mao Zedong) Communists (led by Mao Zedong)

China : the “Phantom Republic” Nationalists Nationalists Aimed at creating democratic ChinaAimed at creating democratic China Supported urban life & intellectualsSupported urban life & intellectuals Focused on government ideals rather than practical solutionsFocused on government ideals rather than practical solutions

China : the “Phantom Republic” Communists Communists Aimed at peasant reformAimed at peasant reform

China : Guomindang’s China Chiang Kai Shek emerges Leads Nationalists (KMT) after SunLeads Nationalists (KMT) after Sun

1934 KMT’s brutal crack down on communists leads to Long March KMT’s brutal crack down on communists leads to Long March

China : Guomindang’s China So…by 1931 Nationalists “in charge”Nationalists “in charge” Communists want powerCommunists want power Violent civil warViolent civil war

Imperial Japan

Japan expands during 20 th century for lots of reasons Japanese expansion is an implicit challenge to Western dominanceJapanese expansion is an implicit challenge to Western dominance This leads Japan on the road to warThis leads Japan on the road to warJapan : Imperial Japan

Additional Reasons to Expand: 1. Need Island nation, limited resources, limited farmland, overpopulationIsland nation, limited resources, limited farmland, overpopulation 2. Anti-Western Sentiment Racial equality?Racial equality? Limiting of navy?Limiting of navy? End of emigration to U.S.?End of emigration to U.S.?Japan : Imperial Japan

1930 speech of military leader: “We are like a great crowd of people packed into a small narrow room, and there are only three doors through which we might escape, namely emigration, advance into world markets, and expansion of territory. The first door…has been barred to us by the anti-Japanese immigration policies of other countries. The second door…is being pushed shut by tariff barriers…Japan should rush upon the last door [expansion of territory].” Japan : Imperial Japan

1930’s American observation: “In every classroom is a world-map or map of Asia which shows Japan in red as a very small land indeed, compared to the mainland nations of Asia…In a perfectly bland manner some villager, on looking at such a map, will suggest how nice it would be to [acquire] a bit more of China.” Japan : Imperial Japan

1920s & 1930s, mark further industrial advance of Japan Great Depression = sparks coups & further militarization of Japanese governmentGreat Depression = sparks coups & further militarization of Japanese government Example:Example: 1931 – Manchurian Incident 1931 – Manchurian IncidentJapan : Imperial Japan

Japan

Histories Intertwined China & Japan

1937 – Japan launches invasion of coastal China Imperial spirit led to control of islands & much of SE Asia as well Imperial spirit led to control of islands & much of SE Asia as well Cultural & economic imperialismCultural & economic imperialism Branded as: Branded as: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere or an “An Asia for Asians” 20th Cent. Japan

1937 – Japanese invasion of China Guomingdang & Communists reach alliance Guomingdang & Communists reach alliance Following Communists’ Long March, Guomingdang left to fight Japanese aloneFollowing Communists’ Long March, Guomingdang left to fight Japanese alone Turning point in Chinese civil war Turning point in Chinese civil war WWII – Histories Intertwined

Japanese devastate Chinese cities (Nationalist strongholds) Japanese devastate Chinese cities (Nationalist strongholds) Communists win support among peasants and for guerilla attacks on JapaneseCommunists win support among peasants and for guerilla attacks on Japanese WWII – Histories Intertwined

A terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by Japan WWII – Histories Intertwined

Strategy Strategy Embargo → Pearl HarborEmbargo → Pearl Harbor Defensive perimeter → island hoppingDefensive perimeter → island hopping Fight to the death, suicide missions → more direct strikesFight to the death, suicide missions → more direct strikes WWII – Histories Intertwined

August 6 th & 9 th, 1945 Hiroshima = 140,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (200,000 total) Hiroshima = 140,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (200,000 total) Buildings leveled for a 1.5 miles radiusBuildings leveled for a 1.5 miles radius Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (140,000 total) Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (140,000 total) Explosion had temp exceeding 7,000 o C (Sun’s surface temp. = 6,000 o C). Explosion had temp exceeding 7,000 o C (Sun’s surface temp. = 6,000 o C). WWII – Histories Intertwined

Japanese defeat in World War II resumes Chinese civil war with Communists clearly in control Japanese defeat in World War II resumes Chinese civil war with Communists clearly in control 1949 – Communist victory; Nationalist flee to Taiwan1949 – Communist victory; Nationalist flee to Taiwan WWII – Histories Intertwined

Following WWII & atomic bombs, Japan occupied by U.S. forces until 1952 Following WWII & atomic bombs, Japan occupied by U.S. forces until 1952 Political restructuring – emperor not divine, but kept in placePolitical restructuring – emperor not divine, but kept in place Economic recovery – “The Economic Miracle”Economic recovery – “The Economic Miracle” Highly educated society Highly educated society Already industrialized Already industrialized Rebuild with latest technologies Rebuild with latest technologies No military expenses No military expenses WWII – Histories Intertwined