Single Subject Designs

Baseline A Intervention B AB Design Basic single-subject design. Primary advantage of the AB design is simplicity. It provides the teacher with a quick uncomplicated means of comparing students’ behavior before and after an intervention. Primary disadvantage is that it cannot be used to make a confident assumption of a functional relationship. The AB design is vulnerable to confounding variables. Baseline A Intervention B

Multiple Baseline Design Permits simultaneous analysis of more than one dependent variable. May be used: Across Behaviors Two or more behaviors associated with one student in a sable setting Across Individuals Two or more students exhibiting the same behavior in a single setting Across Settings Two or more settings in which one student is exhibiting the same behavior Baseline A Intervention B Baseline A Intervention B

Multiple Baseline Design Functional Relationship Non Functional Relationship Baseline A Intervention B Baseline A Intervention B Baseline A Intervention B Baseline A Intervention B

Multiple Baseline Design BaselineToken EconomyMaintenance Talk Outs Out of Seat Poor Posture Across Behaviors Across Individuals BaselineSelf-MonitoringMaintenance Social Initiations During Lunch, Recess, and Free Time Roy Tommy

Baseline A Baseline A Intervention B Intervention B Baseline A Baseline A Intervention B Intervention B Reversal – ABAB - Design Used to analyze the effectiveness of a single independent variable. Involves the sequential application and withdrawal of an intervention to verify the intervention’s effect on a behavior. Primary advantage of the ABAB design is the ability to ascertain a functional relationship between the intervention and behavior change Primary disadvantage is that treatment must be stopped. ABAB should not be used when: The behavior is dangerous When the target behavior is not reversible because it is associated with learning.

Number of Correct Responses Session Baseline A Goal = 4 B Goal = 6 C Goal = 8 D Goal = 10 E Changing Criteria Design: ABCD…. Used to evaluate the effectiveness of an independent variable by demonstrating that a behavior can be Incrementally changed over time. This design is especially appropriate to use when the terminal objective is considerably distant from the student’s baseline performance level. In addition, this design is well suited for measuring the effectiveness of a shaping procedure.

Alternating Treatment Design Allows comparison of the effectiveness of more than one treatment or intervention strategy on a single dependent variable.

BaselineReinforcement Reinforcement + Time-out Reinforcement Reinforcement + Time-out ABCBC Changing Conditions Design: ABCBC Percent of Disruptive Behavior

Research Design A-B A-B-A A-B-C-A Changing Criteria

A-B design

A-B-A design

A-B-C-A design

Changing Criteria design

Graph Interpretation Common Data Patterns

LEVEL

SLOPE A B A

Abrupt Change in Level A B

Delayed Change in Level A B

Temporary Change in Level A B

Decaying Change in Level A B

Abrupt Change in Slope A B

Delayed Change in Slope A B

Temporary Change in Slope A B

Accelerated Change in Slope A B

Change in Variability A B

Pattern 1 A B

Pattern 2 A B

Pattern 3 A B

Pattern 4 A B

Pattern 5 A B

Pattern 6 A B A

Using Excel to Draw Graphs ABaseline Graph A-BTwo Phase Graph ABA Three Phase Graph ABACFour Phase Graph

Baseline Graph (A)

Step 1. a.Use “Home” tab b.Enter Data for the Baseline Phase

Step 2. a. Highlight Data Fields b. Click on “Insert” tab c. Click on “Line” d. Click on picture of Line Graph

Step 3. a. Click on “Layout” tab b. Click on “Chart Title” c. Click on “Above Chart” d. Type Title of Graph

Step 4. a. Click on “Layout” tab b. Click on “Axis Titles” c. Click on “Primary Horizontal Axis Title” d. Click on “Title Below Axis” e. Type X-axis Title

Step 5. a. Click on “Layout” tab b. Click on “Axis Titles” c. Click on “Primary Vertical Axis Title” d. Click on “Rotate Title” e. Type Y-axis Title

Two Phase Graph A-B

Step 1. a.Continue from previous graph instructions b.Use “Home” tab c.Click in a blank area of existing graph picture d.Graph data will get a border around it

Step 2. a.Click on bottom right of bordered area and stretch to include area needed for additional data b.Type in additional data

Three Phase Graph A-B-A

Step 1. a.Do same as for A-B graph: click on graph, stretch outline, add additional data

Three Phase Graph A-B-A-C

Step 1. a.Do same as for A-B-A graph: click on graph, stretch outline, add additional data

Practice Graph #1 Time = Continuous School Days Behavior = Number of Errors on Daily Math Test Baseline = No Intervention Intervention = Mental Rehearsal Prior to Taking Test DATA: Day# ErrorsPhase 19 Baseline 212 Baseline 311 Baseline 413 Baseline 510 Baseline 69 Intervention 74 Intervention 83 Intervention 92 Intervention 104 Intervention 117 Baseline 128 Baseline 1310 Baseline 149 Baseline

Practice Graph #2 Time = Continuous School Days Behavior = Number of Errors on Daily Math Test Baseline = No Intervention Intervention 1 = Mental Rehearsal Prior to Taking Test Intervention 2 = Write Each Spelling Word 10 Times Prior to Test DATA: Day# ErrorsPhase 19 Baseline 212 Baseline 311 Baseline 413 Baseline 510 Baseline 69 Intervention 1 74 Intervention 1 83 Intervention 1 92 Intervention Intervention Intervention Intervention Intervention Baseline 1512 Baseline 1614 Baseline